太平天国後の蘇州における小作料徴収関係について : 租冊史料の分析を通して
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概要
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The purpose of this article is to make clear the realities and the characteristic of the landlord-tenant relationship of Suzhou in before and after Taiping-tianguo, especially after the suppression of Taiping tianguo, through an analysis of rentals of four zuxians(租桟). Since middle of Qing(清) dynasty, because of usual kangzu(抗租) struggles of tenants, the sum of farm rents in Suzhou gradually decreased, To strengthen landlord's exploitation as increase of farm rents had already been impossible. After the suppres si on of Taiping-tianguo, the new exploitation system called zhezu (折租) appeared on the stage. Money which tenants paid as farm rents had changed from copper coin to yangyin(洋銀 foreign silver coin) - this yangyin had too changed from benyang Spanish doller) to yingyang(英洋 Mexican dollar). Tenants were forced to do two exchanges, from rice to yangyin, al so from yangyin to copper coin. Generally the price determined by the landlord was upper than the rice market price, and lower than the dollar market price. Therefore, through those two price margins, tenants were more exploited by the landlord, when they paid their farm rents. And zhezu system forced tenants to be exploited by commercial capital and usurer's capital through the sale and the pawn of rice, and also by qianzhuang(銭荘 old-style Chinese private bank) and foreign banks through the operation of doller price. Zhezu system, therefore, carried out a part to take Chinese peasants under the semi-colonial economic structure. Because of the graduate increase of zhejia (折価 convert rate) and the discount in each time of payment called "xianrang(限譲)", the later tenants paid, the heavier their farm rents became. Corresponding such. graduate increase system, shouzuju(収租局) or zhuizuju(追租局), which was the facilities of collection of farm rents with the coincidence of interests of the landlord and bureauciats, took place. The intervention of public authority in the landlord-tenant relationship-the establishment of the collection system with the coincidence of interests of the landlord and bureaucrats, the participation of bureaucrats in reduction for calamity - and the uniformity of the condition of farm rents brought two new features to the landlord-tenant relationship of Suzshu. The first is that the landlord tenant relationship changed from individual "private" relationship to "public" relationship - all landlords, and bureaucrats against all tenants. In the bureaucrats view, tenants had already become the practical "tax-payers". The second is that the brunt of tenants also directed to bureaucrats. Then, the community of interests of tenants and owner farmers came into view, and "kangzu" struggle and "kangliang(抗糧)" struggle became one. Their common struggle against the landlords and bureaucrats grew stronger.
- 政治経済学・経済史学会の論文
- 1984-04-20
著者
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