形と動き : 伊藤吉之助先生に捧ぐる小品
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概要
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The author has treated the problem from the point of view of the so-called experimental phenomenology. The experiments were carried out chiefly in the field of touch and in part in that of vision, and were directed by the so-called condition analysis with a view to searching for the indispensable condition of the impression of form or motion. The author concludes: 1) When we try to ascertain the form of a thing tactually, we move our hand to and fro on the surface of the thing. The experiments show that this moving factor is the essential condition of perceiving the form of the thing. On the contrary, when we try to get the clear and vivid impression of the motion of some moving object, the perceptual organ, viz., fingers or eyes, must be kept still. If this condition is not fulfilled, the vividness of the motion decreases, or even the motion itself disappears. There exists a fundamental difference in behavior between the two cases. 2) The morethe number of the fingers which touch the object increases, or in other words, the broader the tactual field becomes, the clearer and more distinct becomes the impression of the form. But for the obtainment of good impression of form, the moving factors is more important. Therefore, one finger moved is more effective than two or more fingers resting on the object for the clear impression of form. The correlation of each part of the total form becomes clearer with the movement of fingers. 3) By the movement of the finger, the "Erscheinungsweise" (D. Katz' expression) shifts from the touch quality similar to the Erscheinungsweise of the film color in vision to the firm touch quality similar to the surface color; this shifting is not due to the vibratory sensation which occurs when the fingers slip on the surface of the object, but due to the very movement of the fingers. 4) The movement of touching done with a view to ascertaining the form occurs chiefly along the border lines of the thing. The same occurs in vision; when viewing the form, the visual point travels chiefly along the border lines or the contour. as shown in Fig. IV. 5) This action, viz., the movement of tactual or visual organ, is to be interpreted as the operation of fixing the region of the thing. By this operation, the region of a thing comes to appear separate from the region of not-thing that is to say, the object becomes separate from its background. The contour is given by this operation as the boundary of the two regions, but not as the result of the potential difference between the excited and non-excited regions in the brain as W. Kohler assumes it. 6) The perception of motion does not need such complex operation. It depends upon simpler opreation. Thus, there lies a difference in behavoir between the perception of form and that of motion. Unless by correct behavior or operation, we cannot get clear and distinct impression in each case. It is our behavior or our operation which determi9nes the being given appears as an object or motion.
- 北海道大学の論文