管束植物の系統発生について : II.種子植物の個体発生の過程と真正羊歯植物のそれとの間に見られる差異の原因について
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From the studies of the ontogeny of the seed plants and the true ferns the different characters in these two groups are summarized in Table 1. [Table] The supposed phylogenetic original plants composed under the consideration of those characters listed in Table I are as follows : 1. That of the ferns resembles the prothallium of the living ones. The cell division occurs when the nucleus divides in the cell, making uninuclear multicelullar filament first, leaving a growing point at the tip of the body. After a little while it grows 2-dimentionally due to the division of the growing point cell by terns, producing the cells of the thallus. Semiterraneus. The reproductive cells are zoospores. 2. That of the seed plant resembles the seedling of the living seed plant, composed of a stalk and a leafy upper portion. The initial cell developes first as the multinuclear cell, then to the uninuclear multicellular thallus. Subterraneus. The reproductive cells are swarm spores. In the later phylogenetic stage there appeared different kinds of sexual reproduction in the above two, which induced the alternation of the n-(gametophyte) and 2n-(sporophyte) generations, the terraneus habit, the differentiation of the vascular bundles, the spore formation in the sporophyte generation, and the resting type spores in the fern plants, while the parasitic type in the seed plants. Now we can find out the resemblances of those two types in the item 1 and 2 in the living green algae, belonging to different systematic types. They suggest to us that the seed plants and the ferns derived from different ancestors and were parallel existences in the phylogenetic ages having no implication between them. In Table 1 we can find out that there we can trace back the cause of the differences of many characters in both groups into the protoplasmic character in their initial cells. And the latter more importantly leads the writer to consider that such fundamental character as that which concerns to the protoplasmic behaviours conducting the ontogeny in such large group as the seed plants could not be derived from such a differentiated group as the ferns. As for the common characters in them, (1) they have similar type chloroplasts. However, we can find out a similar case in the green algae as well as in the green plants in other systematic groups. It is one of certain universal characters with certain broad distributions in the plant kingdom ; (2) they have vascular bundle, which is considered an important character by which they are classified in the same group as the vascular plants, but it looks to the writer that this character is not a unique one in these two groups ; it appears in the moss, though very primitive, and the sieve tube develops in the brown algae such as laminaria. Thus the cause of the appearance of the vascular bundles is to be considered as the results of the plant body developed 3-dimentionally and thickened in the 2n-generation due to the doubling of the nuclear phase, namely there appears a part in the center of the body, where the light can not reach from the outside so that the cells can not develop as the synthetic tissue and also there accumurate the synthetic products transferred from the differentiated synthetic tissue outside ; thus there developes the reserving tissue, then conductive sieve cells or tubes. The self-digestion in certain cells among those reserve cells may cause the xylem elements. The latter may be the ones which were induced by the terrestrial habit. In short the possibilities of the appearance of the reserve or conductive tissue exist in several different kinds of the plant groups, and the terrestrial habit forced the development of the tendencies. Consequently the presence of these two common characters can not be recognized as the direct proof of the assumption that the ferns and seed plants have the intimate phylogenetic relationship. Here the writer wishes to say that in the field of the phylogenetic studies we have to consider more details from the comparative studies of the ontogeny in the plants, and we have to select in this field the different standards from those in the studies of the derivation of certain small groups or some organs in the living things.
- お茶の水女子大学の論文
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