文部官僚フリードリヒ・アルトホーフの初期中等学校改革構想
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概要
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Friedrich Althoff (1839-1908) is well known as a leader of German educational administration from the late 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. Many scholarly works have focused on his achievements related to institutional reform of higher education. While it is well known that Althoff presided over the Secondary School Conference in 1900, little research has addressed Althoff's efforts to reform the secondary school system. In published works concerning the history of secondary schools, Althoff is considered to be a custodian of the new humanistic curriculum of Gymnasium because the 1900 conference resolved to maintain the Gymnasium system. This resolution, however, contradicted his higher education policies that emphasized the practical sciences. In order to provide a more thorough understanding of his administration, we must examine his early plans for secondary school reform. Analyzing both his personal notes made in 1890 and his official report submitted in 1897, this paper will present the following arguments. First, Althoff intended to establish two secondary school systems: an elite course and a non-elite course. "Gymnasium", the elite course in Althoff's plans, was to have been built around a Latin language core curriculum. In addition, only students who graduated from "Gymnasium" would be eligible to enter the University. In this light, "Gymnasium" was central to Althoff's reform plans. Second, Althoff did not intend to maintain the traditional system of "Gymnasium". In his conception, "Gymnasium" was to have been integrated with Realgymnasium. Also, his plans called for separating the first through third grades from Gymnasium and establishing an "Einheitsschule" that combined corresponding grades from the Hochschule, where a similar curriculum was being taught. In response to requests from the army and industry, Althoff proposed adjusting the curriculum of "Gymnasium" by reducing classical Greek offerings and emphasizing modern foreign languages and science. It can be said that Althoff tried to transform the secondary school system into one that could adapt to Germany's developing industrial society. However, his plans were not adopted by the 1900 Secondary School Conference. In conclusion, this paper reveals that both Althoff's reform plans for secondary schools and his policies for higher education originated from his fundamental support of German industrialization and a strong, powerful German state.
- 教育史学会の論文
- 2007-10-01