中国の高度成長と環境汚染問題(環境共生時代における産業・経営・会計の諸問題パートIII)
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概要
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(1) In addition to the unbuttoning of domestic economic headaches, a host of new problems involving environmental pollution has been brought to the fore in recent years in the wake of China's high economic growth. (2) According to estimates made public by the Beijing Government, economic loss due to environmental destruction amounts to 100 billion Chinese yuan (1 yuan equals about 12 yen), a figure equivalent to three percent of the country's GNP. Clearly, China's economy is taking a terrific walloping from the breakdown of its environment. In terms of country-by-country breakdown, China is a major energy-consuming nation although per capita energy consumption still remains low. Seventy percent of the energy burned in China is coal--this translates into massive emissions of sulfur dioxide, making air pollution assume serious proportions. (3) Coal accounts for a whopping 74 percent of that country's primary energy sources, and the average annual growth of primary-energy-source consumption in China (6%) is higher than the world average (4%)--suggesting that its heavy dependency on coal as a primary source of energy is not likely to change any time too soon. The problems having to do with the supply of energy in China are threefold: 1) the poor level of efficiency in energy utilization, 2) the annual growth in energy consumption attendant upon the country's steady economic growth, and 3) environmental degradation due to a heavy dependence on coal as a primary source of energy. This paper will touch on the present state and future problems of air pollution, water pollution, solid waste materials and topsoil erosion in China. (4) Administration and the legal system relating to environmental protection: Efforts to protect the environment got under way in China following its participation in the Conference on the Human Environment hosted by the U.N. in Stockholm in 1972. China's National Agency for Environmental Protection was established in 1984, and the "Environmental Protection Law" was enacted by the Beijing Government in 1989. The latter is a comprehensive, fundamental law clearly stipulating, among others, the purpose of that law and the basic principles and legal obligations pertaining to environmental protection, and, as such, constitutes the quintessence of Chinese laws and regulations bearing on that country's environment. The aforementioned Environmental Protection Law has served as the basis for the enacting of a number of related laws, such as: the "Marine Pollution Prevention Law" (1982), "Water Contamination Prevention Law" (1984), "Air Pollution Prevention Law" (1987) and the "Ordinance on the Control of Environmental Pollution" (1989). Together, these laws and regulations comprise the legal framework for environmental protection in China. Yet, the amount of money annually expended by China for environmental protection continues to be meager: for example, the amount of funds spent by Beijing in 1989 came to only about one-half of that (1.4% pf GNP) spent each year by Japan during the decade of the 70s. (5) Chinese Awareness of Environmental Issues and Japan's Response: Chinese appreciation of environmental problems is practically next to nothing. The fact is that, due to policies that place priority on economic progress (at the expense of the economic environment), the most pressing problem presently facing the Beijing leadership is the securing of energy--in particular, electrical power. In 1991, a year prior to the holding of the U.N.-sponsored "Earth Summit" in Brazil, the heads of 41 developing nations congregated in Beijing for the Summit Conference of Developing Countries on Development and the Environment. While expressing concern about environmental degradation, the Chinese-hosted international conference declared that the developing countries would no longer tolerate the passing on to them of "IOUs" arising from acts of worldwide environmental degradation by the developed world. At the same time, they demanded that the world's industrially advanced countries provide increased assistance to the developing nations--in the form of development funds and transfer of technology. In answer to this challenge, the industrially advanced nations, including Japan, are required to: 1) cooperate in the nurturing of local educational personnel in various environment-related areas in China and in the educating of technicians who can devote themselves to pollution-prevention programs throughout that country; and 2) put their backs into proposing ODA (official development assistance) programs aimed at improving China's environment. From both the standpoints of assisting China's economic development and of contributing to the protection of that country's environment, Japan and the world's other industrially advanced nations--all whom are pioneers in environmental degradation--have a major role to play in areas such as technology, financial assistance and education.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1995-03-31
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関連論文
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- 中国の高度成長と環境汚染問題(環境共生時代における産業・経営・会計の諸問題パートIII)