Characteristic Features of QRST Integral Mapping in Patients With High Risk Brugada Syndrome
スポンサーリンク
概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
Background The characteristic features of QRST integral mapping in the Brugada-type resting ECG of patients at a high risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias were examined. Methods and Results QRST integral mapping was performed in 11 Brugada-type ECG patients with histories of aborted sudden death, spontaneous ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF) or programmed electric stimulation-inducible VT/VF (high risk group); 13 Brugada-type ECG patients without a history of such events (low risk group); and 21 age-matched healthy controls. Individual QRST isointegral maps revealed the minimum integral in the mid-to-right upper chest in 100% and 85% of the control and low risk groups, respectively, whereas this integral was 64% in the upper right back of the high risk group (p<0.05). On the QRST integral departure maps, the abnormal positive departure area (integral value ≥+2 standard deviation) was located in the mid-to-right upper chest in 82% and 8% of the high and low risk groups, respectively (p<0.05). During the follow-up period, sudden death or VF occurred in 4 of 6 high risk patients with both the abnormal findings. Conclusion The abnormal positive departure area in the mid-to-right upper chest and the minimum QRST integral in the right upper back were distinct hallmarks for screening patients with the high risk Brugada-type ECG.
- 社団法人日本循環器学会の論文
- 2006-12-20
著者
-
Imaizumi Tsutomu
Department Of Internal Medicine Division Of Cardio-vascular Medicine Kurume University School Of Med
-
Kai Hisashi
Department Of Ocean And Space Engineering Faculty Of Engineering Yokohama National University
-
SAGAWA Kimitaka
Department of Transfusion Medicine, Kurume University
-
Kai Hisashi
Department Of Internal Medicine Division Of Cardio-vascular Medicine And Cardiovascular Research Ins
-
Imaizumi Tsutomu
Deparment Of Medicine Division Of Cardiovascular Medicine Kurume University School Of Medicine
-
Yoshida Teruhisa
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of M
-
Kanahara Masaaki
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Hospital
-
Toyomasu Koji
Institute of Health, Sports and Sciences, Kurume University
-
Hiraki Tatsuro
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-vascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research In
-
Hiraki Tatsuro
Department Of Internal Medicine Division Of Cardio-vascular Medicine And Cardiovascular Research Ins
-
Yoshida Teruhisa
Department Of Internal Medicine Division Of Cardio-vascular Medicine Kurume University School Of Med
-
Sagawa Kimitaka
Department Of Laboratory Medicine Kurume University Hospital
-
Toyomasu Koji
Institute Of Health Sports And Sciences Kurume University
-
Kanahara Masaaki
Department Of Laboratory Medicine Kurume University Hospital
-
Yoshida Teruhisa
The Third Departnent Of Internal Medicine Kurume University School Of Medicine
関連論文
- 2 Long-term Clinical Outcome after Intramuscular Implantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (TACT Trial) in Patients with Chronic Limb Ischemia(Regenerative Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease,Symposium 12 (SY-12) (I),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeti
- Large Blood Pressure Variability and Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling : Role of Cardiac Inflammation
- PJ-370 Direct Stimulation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells with Low-frequency Ultrasound Augmented the Proliferation and Migration Capacities(PJ062,Regeneration (Basic, Clinical) (M),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japan
- PJ-072 Estrogen Replacement Attenuates Vascular Inflammation and Prevents Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Hypertensive Female Rats(PJ012,Calcium Handling, Cardiac Function (Basic) (M),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annu
- Long-Term Treatment with Valsartan Improved Cyclic Variation of the Myocardial Integral Backscatter Signal and Diastolic Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients : The Echocardiographic Assessment
- Vitamin C Reversed Malfunction of Peripheral Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Smokers Through Antioxidant Properties
- PJ-364 Neovascularization Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) in Patients with Buerger's Disease(Peripheral circulation/Vascular disease(07)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-052 Simvastatin attenuates large blood pressure variability-induced aggravation of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting ERK and Rho A pathways(Cardiac hypertrophy, basic/clinical(02)(M),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Ja
- OJ-101 Postnatal Blocking of Interferon-γ Regresses and Destabilizes Advanced Plaque by Inhibiting CD40/CD40 Ligard Pathway and Inflammation in ApoE-Knockout Mice(Atherosclerosis, basic(02)(IHD),Oral Presentation(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeti
- OE-411 Immaturity of Mitochondria-derived Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Rho-kinase Activation in Preterm Rabbit Ductus Arteriosus(Congenital heart disease/Kawasaki's disease(01)(M),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of
- PJ-831 Mesenchymal Stem Cell-transplantation Improves Endothelial Function in Monocrotaline-induced Pulmonary Hypertension Rats(Pulmonary circulation-4, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-807 Valsartan Attenuated Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction of Hypertensive Hypertrophied Hearts in Humans. Assessments Using Integrated Backscatter Analysis(Hypertension, clinical-10, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circu
- PJ-794 Role of Anti-angiogenic Factor, Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor, in VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis in Klotho Mice(Growth factor/Cytokine-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-639 Effect of Simvastatin and Telmiartan on Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling by Exaggerated Blood Pressure Variability in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats(Hypertension, basic-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-319 Prolonged Enhancement of Perivascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Aggravates Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats(Cardiac hypertrophy, basic/clinical-4, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Ja
- OJ-086 Circulating Dendritic Cells Numbers are Associated with Cardiac Injury and Prognosis in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure(Heart failure, clinical-05, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Advanced Glycation End Products in Obesity and Insulin Resistance(Diabetes/Obesity 9 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Postnatal Blocking of Interferon-γ Function Prevented Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice
- PJ-479 Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Receiving Carotid Endarterectomy(Cerebrovascular Circulation/Stroke 1 (H) : PJ80)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- PJ-330 Strong Association between Plasma Aldosterone and Metabolic Syndrome : An Epidemiologic Study in Japanese General Population(PJ056,Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education 2 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The
- PJ-194 Elevated Serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor Levels is a Strong Predictor of 10-Year Mortality in a Japanese General Population(PJ033,Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education 1 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Ja
- PE-408 Soluble RAGE Levels are Inversely Correlated with High Mobility Group Box 1 Levels in a General Population(PE069,Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education 2 (H),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulatio
- OJ-236 Serum Vaspin Levels are Positively Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in a General Population where Obesity is Rare(OJ40,Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education (H),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese
- OE-177 LDL-C/HDL-C Ratio Predicts IMT Progression more than HDL-C or LDL-C Alone : 8-year Follow-up Study in a General Population(OE30,Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education (H),Oral Presentation (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Jap
- 6 Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Patients with Chronic Limb Ischemia by Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells : 3-Year Results of the TACT Trial, Long Term Prognosis, Efficacy and Safety(Late Breaking Clinical Trials I,Special Program,
- Effect of Autologous Bone-Marrow Cell Transplantation on Ischemic Ulcer in Patients With Buerger's Disease
- PJ-694 Occlusion Level of Limb Artery Predicts the Efficacy of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Implantation for Critical Limb Ischemia(Peripheral circulation/Vascular disease-7, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-029 Inhibition of Anti-angiogenic Factor, Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor, Improves Ischemic Angiogenesis in Klotho Mice(Peripheral circulation/Vascular disease-2, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-269 Serum Level of Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor (PEDF), a Potent Inhibitor of Angiogenesis, in Patients with Severe Limb Ischemia(Peripheral circulation-7 (H) PJ46,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Jap
- OJ-152 Vitamin C Reversed Migratory Dysfunction of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Smokers(Smoking-1 (H) OJ26,Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Chronic Smoking Decreases Number and Migration of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Humans : Dysregulation of Angiogenic Growth Factors(Angiogenesis 2 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis are Impaired in Precocious Aging Klotho Mouse(Angiogenesis 2 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-169 Serum Levels of Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor are Positively Associated with Visceral Adiposity in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes(PJ029,Diabetes 2 (H),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulat
- PE-296 Serum Levels of High Mobility Group Box 1 are Associated with Blood Pressure and Renal Function in Elderly Japanese Outpatients(PE050,Diabetes 1 (H),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-667 Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Inhibits Neointima Formation by Suppressing NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Generation(Molecular biology, vascular-4, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-272 Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Inhibits Occlusive Thrombus Formation : Possible Participation of Reduced Intraplatelet PEDF Levels in Acute Coronary Syndromes(Thromboembolism/Antithrombotic therapy/Thrombolysis-5, The 71st Annual Scientif
- PE-540 Pigment Epithelium-Derived Fctor (PEDF) Inhibits Injury-induced Brain Edema in Mice(Molecular biology, vascular-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Non-suppressor dose of candesartan cilexetil prevented the MCP-1-mediated inflammation and perivasculsar fibrosis in hypertensive hearts
- Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Recurrent Hypotension and Syncope
- PJ-625 Mutation in Caveolin-3 Gene as Cause or Risk Factor for Cardiomyopathy(Cardiomyopathy, Basic and Clinical 2 (M) : PJ105)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- Gene Expression Profiling in Pressure or Volume Overload Myocardial Hypertrophy in Rat: Study with DNA Chip
- PJ-368 Smoking Decreases Number and Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Humans.(Angiogenesis 3 (IHD) : PJ62)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- Coexistence of Impairment of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide and Platelet-Derived Nitric Oxide in Patients With Coronary Risk Factors
- Serum Glutathione Level Predicts Restenosis After Intracoronary Stenting
- Platelet-Mediated Thrombus Formation is Related to Decreased Intraplatetet Tetrahydrobiopterin and Increased Intraplatetet Superoxide Generation in Dogs
- OE-066 P-Selectin Plays an Important Role in Arterial Thrombosis by Forming Large Stable Heterotypic Aggregates(Acute Coronary Syndrome, Basic/Clinical 3 (IHD) : OE9)(Oral Presentation (English))
- Plasma Level of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) as a Predictor of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression : Six-Year Prospective Study Using Carotid Ultrasonography
- Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated with Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Non-Diabetic Subjects
- Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells : A Novel Atheroprotective Property of Pitavastatin (Vascular Smooth Muscle 2 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circul
- Intake of N-3 Fatty Acids Reduces not only Serum Triglyceride Levels but also Plasma Remnant-like Particle Cholesterol(Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education/Health Policy 3 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-323 Roles of Lysyl Oxidase-Like Protein in Heart(Cardiac hypertrophy, basic/clinical-4, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Comparison of Gene Expression Profiling in Pressure and Volume Overload-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophies in Rats
- PE-176 Regulation and Role of Filamin-C in Cardiac Hypertrophy(Cardiac hypertrophy, basic/clinical-3 (M) PE30,Poster Session (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Behavior and Role of Metallothionein in Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy (Hypertension, Basic 5 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Regulation and Role of Lysyl Oxidase-Like Protein in Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy (Cardiac Hypertrophy, Basic (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-225 Evaluation of the Efficacy of Insulin Sensitizer, Pioglitazone, in Resolution of Plaque Inflammation by Serial FDG-PET(OJ38,Atherosclerosis (Clinical/Treatment) (IHD),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese C
- PJ-443 Efficacy of Fasting 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for the Detection of Cardiac Sarcoidosis(Cardiomyopathy, basic/clinical-6, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-130 The Disparity in the Determinant Factors between Atherosclerosis and Vascular Inflammation(Atherosclerosis, clinical-03, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-452 Physical activity is associated with circulating hepatocyte growth factor levels in men(Preventive Medicine/Epidemiology/Education 4 (H) : PJ75)(Poster Session (Japanese))
- 2 Role of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in the Regulation of Angiogenesis(Symposium 1 (SY1) (H) : Cardiovascular Neurohumoral System : Novel Aspect of Angiotensin and Aldosterone Receptor)(Special Program)
- Efficacy of Therapeutic Angiogenesls by Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation for Buerger's Disease
- Fluvastatin ameliorates imbalance of platelet-derived nitric oxide and superoxide anion in patients with hypercholesterolemia leading to reduction of platelet aggregation
- Chrolic Inhibition of Nitric Oxide in Central Nervous J System Does Not Cause Hypertension
- Evidence of Enhanced Intraplatelet Oxidative Stress Which Has Relevance to Increased Platelet Aggregability in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
- Fluvastatin Inhibits Platelet Aggregation in HC through the Direct Effects on Amelioration of Intraplatelet Redox Imbalance
- A Crossover Randomized Study on Pleiotropic Vascular Protections by Statin : Possible Link between Circulating Inflammatory Cells and Endothelial Dysfunction
- HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Protects Against Arterial Thrombosis by Augmenting Platelet-Derived Nitric Oxide Release in Rats
- Platelet P-selectin Plays an Important Role in Arterial Thrombogenesis by Forming Large Stable Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregates : A Study With P-Selectin-Knockout Mice
- Abnormal Myocardial Blood Flow Distribution in Patients With Angina Pectoris and Normal Coronary Arteriograms
- DILTIAZEM INHIBITS THE REFLEX NEUROGENIC VASOCONSTRICTION DURING LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE : Hypertension (I) : 46th Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
- PJ-291 Risk Factor for Development of AV Block during Radio-frequency Catheter Ablation : Second Report(PJ049,Atrial/Supraventricular Arrhythmia (Basic) (A),Poster Session (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PE-200 Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Improves Left Ventricular Function of Patients with Severe Heart Failure and may Diminish Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia(PE034,ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter (A),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Sci
- PE-199 Body-surface QRS Integral Mapping Predicts Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy(PE034,ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter (A),Poster Session (English),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-777 How to Avoid Development of AV Block during Radio-frequency Catheter Ablation(Arrhythmia, diagnosis / Pathophysiology / EPS(16)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-396 Long-term Results of Maze Procedure on Cardiac Function after Mitral Valve Repair(Arrhythmia, therapy(20)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PJ-166 Fasting Plasma Ghrelin Levels are Inversely Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome and PAI-1 in a General Population(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education(05)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circu
- PE-561 MCP-1 may be a Key Factor for Cardio-Renal Syndrome. Cross Sectional Study in a General Cohort(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education(04)(H),Poster Session(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-132 Atrial Electrical Activity is Abnormal in Brugada Syndrome(ECG / Body surface potential mapping / Holter(02)(A),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OE-088 Inflammatory Markers and All-cause Death in a General Population(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education(01)(H),Oral Presentation(English),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-227 TGF-β 1 is a Marker for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Subjects in a General Population(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-2, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OE-387 Impact of Higher Blood Pressure on the Risk of Death in 27-year Follow-up Study(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OE-386 Heart Rate is a Predictor for Development of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism : Prospective Study for 20 Years in a General Population(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OE-385 The Association between Serum Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and the Metabolic Syndrome(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-1, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OE-042 Elevated Plasma Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Homocysteine (Hcy) are Strongly Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis : An Epidemiological Study(Atherosclerosis, clinical-01, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Cir
- FRS-039 High Serum Dehydroepiandrosteone Sulfate Levels are Strikingly Associated with Less Mortality in Men (27-year follow-up study)(Preventive Medicine, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Characteristic Features of QRST Integral Mapping in Patients With High Risk Brugada Syndrome
- Portable-Type Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography With Dipyridamole to Detect Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : A Prospective Study
- PJ-050 Chronic Biventricular Pacing Improves Hemodynamics of Patients with Severe Heart Failure : Assesment with Cardiac Catheterization(Heart failure, clinical-17 (M) PJ9,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Jap
- PE-615 Do Plasma Ghrelin Have a Beneficial Effect on the Metabolic Syndrome?(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-5 (H) PE109,Poster Session (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- PE-287 Is Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) a Predictor for Carotid Atherosclerosis in a General Population? : A Prospective Study(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-4 (H) PE48,Poster Session (English),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientifi
- Portable Type Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography With Dipyridamole : A New and Convenient Method to Detect Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemia
- Body-surface QRS Integral Mapping in Patients with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (ECG/Body Surface Potential Mapping/Holter 5 (A), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Dual-Chamber Pacing Induced Left Ventricular Remodeling for Severe Drug Refractory Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy(Cardiomyopathy, Clinical 7 (M), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- Elevated Asymmetric Dimethylarginene (ADMA) is Related to Carotid Atherosclerosis in a Japanese General Population(Cardiovascular Preventive Medicine (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
- OJ-105 Clinical Features of Acute Myocardial Infarction with the Edematous Change of Myocardium(Acute Myocardial Infarction, Clinical (Diagnosis/Treatment) 3 (IHD) : OJ13)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
- Association of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) with Peripheral Arteriosclerosis : An Epidemiological Study in Japan
- Homocysteine, Diet, and Life Style : An Epidemiological Study in Japanese General Population
- Stress Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram in the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia. A Prospective study
- Detection of concealed left sided accessory atrioventricular pathway by P wave signal averaged electrocardiogram
- Frequency and time domain analysis of p wave in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation