Seasonal Aspects of Flight in Water Striders (Hemiptera : Gerridae)
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概要
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Water strider flight activity and reproduction was studied in central Alberta, Canada using marking and weekly census over 16 years (1984-99), flight trapping, flight-muscle dissection and experiments. Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy and Limnoporus dissortis Drake & Harris reproduced at near replacement levels on the focal pond ; Gerris comatus Drake & Hottes and Gerris pingreensis Drake & Hottes were generally less successful, despite consistent spring immigration by flight. Flights were observed in four seasonally distributed categories. Category 1 flights to and from terrestrial diapause sites were made in association with overwintering in all species. Most gerrids overwintered at terrestrial sites distant from natal ponds ; a small proportion of G. buenoi over-wintered close to the focal pond and moved overland to and from these sites as did many of the long-winged (LW) Aquarius remigis Say that arrived late in the season. LW colonists of G. pingreensis appeared during the first few weeks after ice-off and generally left only a few progeny, c. 68% of which were also LW. A few adults of A. remigis also flew to the focal pond in spring, but all emigrated without reproducing. Category 2 flights of reproductively active, overwintered individuals of G. buenoi, and L. dissortis were made between ponds, starting in mid-May and continuing into mid-July. Flight activity varied linearly with temperature during the main period of category 2 flights, with no flight activity observed below 13℃. Flight-muscle histolysis truncated category 2 flights during May for G. pingreensis and a little later for G. comatus. Category 3 flights were made by LW direct breeders of G. buenoi, G. comatus and L. dissortis that colonized temporary ponds re-filled by thunderstorms in June and July. If the pond did not dry out, per capita reproductive success of such flying direct breeders was 2-10 times that of the average observed for overwintered breeders 1984-1999. Category 4 flights were made by pre-diapause adults of A. remigis, G. buenoi and L. dissortis arriving at the focal pond after mid-summer. Females of all four pond-dwelling species flew with large numbers of mature eggs, showing that flight and reproduction are not mutually exclusive ; however, early in the season females of G. buenoi and G. pingreensis that histolysed flight-muscles carried, respectively, 25.7 and 33.6% more eggs than those retaining flight ability. In addition to the well established ideas that flight ability is favored in physically temporary habitats, probable advantages for retention of flight include use of the best foraging opportunities by pre-reproductive adults, escape from natural enemies, and bet-hedging reproductive strategies, especially in relation to natural enemy impacts.
- 日本昆虫学会の論文
- 2000-06-25
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- Seasonal Aspects of Flight in Water Striders (Hemiptera : Gerridae)
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