犯罪の防止対策 : 効果と限界 (<特集>犯罪・非行防止と社会資源の活用)
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概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
Human beings are the social beings who live trying to satisfy their basic desires. Therefore, if they cannot satisfy their desires, they may possibly break laws and change into the dangerous animals at any moment. When we ran short of food, in the aftermath of the 2nd World War, black-marketing was common. Now we are better off than before, but the number of criminals who stole others' properties does not show a decline. Strictly speaking, there are few who never commit any crime at all. Crimes are the daily happenings. In order to prevent a crime, it is necessary for us to clearly explain : 1) conception of a crime ; 2) conception of a criminal ; 3) purpose to prevent a crime ; 4) causes of crimes ; 5) measures to prevent a crime. As for the conception of a crime, there are three definitions. The first is a sociological conception of a crime, the second is a legal conception of a crime in a wide sense, and the third being the legal definition in a narrow sense. From the viewpoint of criminology, it seems most suitable to use the second definition. When we discuss the conception of a criminal, we need to decide when and whom we should call a criminal. We should define whether a criminal should be : 1) a suspect who is arrested by the police ; 2) a person who is indicted by the public prosecutor ; 3) a person who is convicted at the court ; 4) a person who serves his sentence in a prison. We find various causes of crime in the world, and we have been unable to clarify them scientifically. Therefore, we cannot establish yet scientific and absolutely effective measures to prevent a crime. We consider two methods to prevent a crime : the first is the social policy and the second is the criminal policy. From the viewpoint of the social policy, we should keep the security of living, and changes in our social structures slowly. There are two ways in the criminal policy ; general and special prevention. But both ways have not shown any sufficient effect. It can be concluded under the present condition that any effective and scientific policies to prevent a crime have not been found out yet.
- 日本犯罪社会学会の論文