壁書・高札と室町幕府徳政令 : 形式からみた中世法の機能

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概要

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• This article attempts to investigate the functions of Japanese medieval laws, in the case of tokuseirei 徳政令 of Muromachi Shogunate, by looking at the forms they took. For this purpose, the author analyzes tokuseirei into two forms of law, kabegaki (壁書, notice at the Shogunate) and Kosatsu (高札, public notice). These two forms which were often used for other Muromachi Shogunate laws, as well. His results may be summed up as follows : (1)Kabegaki had comprehensive provisions, but it was transmitted to limited parties: jisha (temples and shrines), kuge (aristocrats), and buke (samurai) in Kyoto. This was because kabegaki had an aspect of legal precedure at the Shogunate's court and it was legislated and applied, by legal experts of Muromachi Shogunate; especially bugyonin 奉行人. (2)Kosatsu was superior to kabegaki as a means of transmitting laws. Because kosatsu was put up at the places where strife and disorder about tokusei had occurred or were bound to occur, it should be said that kosatsu worked for the recovery or maintenance of public peace and order. The provisions of tokuseirei kosatsu were brief and vague at first, but later (at the latest in the 16th century), comprehensive provisions about pawned movable property appeared on kosatsu. This corresponds to the above-mentioned function of kosatsu. (3)The Muromachi Shogunate often promulgated tokuseirei by using kabegaki and kosatsu together. This probably relates to a passive attitude of the Shogunate concerning the promulgation. However, considering the two types of tokusei at the time - i.e., tokusei with the permission of the Shogunate and tokusei without it - it should be said that the two forms of tokuseirei corresponded to those different types. By making kosatsu more concrete, the Shogunate began to regulate the custom of tokusei. (4)Not only in the case of the tokuseirei of Muromachi Shogunate, but in medieval society, in general, the space in which laws functioned was not homogenous, and the forms of laws were related to the structure of that space.

• 1995-01-20

著者

• 前川 祐一郎

  東京大学史料編纂所

• 前川 祐一郎

  東京大学大学院・人文科学研究科

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