重文の理解に及ぼす文脈的手がかりの効果

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Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of some types of contextual cues on the understanding of compound sentences. In experiment I, 8 Japanese compound sentences were used as materials, each of which was a string of three constituents as follows:statement(1)+conjunctive+statement(2). Tasks for each 10 subjects of college student were to infer the content of the statement(2)from the statement(1)+conjunctive(namely, from a "context"). All possible combinations of the form of the statement(1)(affirmative or negative)and the form of conjunction(causal or adversative)produced four types of context: affirmative-causal, affirmative-adversative, negative-causal and negative-adversative types. Each types contained 2 sentences. In advance of the tasks, 5 subjects(IP-Group)were trained to memorize and recall 2 verbal representations of implicational propositions as follows: "If......, then...... must......", which were set up so that the usage of a causal or an adversative conjunctive in each sentences was semantically acceptable. Another 5 subjects(AP-Group)were presented the correct answer once for 8 contexts each by mean of the paired-association procedure, before the tasks. In both cases of IP-Group and AP-Group, response times were significantly varied between the context types, in particular, between the forms of conjunction:Response times were prolonged dominantly by the adversative conjunctive. In experiment II, the general form of a sentence material was as follows: statement(0)+statement(1)+conjunctive+statemet(2). And the conjunctive was always a temporal one. In this case, the context available for cues was statement(0)+statement(1). The content value of statement(0)("the following is good", or "the following is bad")designated the value of the form of a conjunction(causal or adversative, respectively), which was ambiguously represented by the temporal conjunctive. Therefore, the information of the conjunction was given by statement(0), in advance of the information of statement(1). In this sequential order between two kinds of informations, the materials used in exp.II were different from that used in exp.I. Ten subjects(EXP.II-Group)underwent the same pretraining as IP-Group did. Response times were influenced by the form of conjunction in exp.II, too. The frequency of errors was varied, regardless of the kind of information, by the information given in a relatively advanced order of sequence, that is, was varied between the forms of statement(1)in exp.I, and between the forms of conjunction in exp.II. Results were interpreted as follows:(a)processing of a negative statement and/or an adversative conjunction requires some cognitive load;(b)a negative statement can be transformed into a new affirmative statement, whereas an adversative conjunction is not able to reduced to such an easy form as to be processed. By the reason of these different manners of being processed, the form of conjunction is superior to the form of statement in the degree of contribution to the variance of response times;(c)retaining of a negative statement and/or an adversative conjunction increases the chance of errors.
日本教育心理学会の論文
1974-09-30

重文の理解に及ぼす文脈的手がかりの効果

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