宋代〓州の水利開発 : 陂塘を中心に
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概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
A new agricultural aspect in Chiang-nan 江南 in the age of Sung was that new fields called wei t'ien 囲田 and yu t'ien 〓田 were reclaimed as a result of development in the marshy districts along the shore of the lakes and the coastal regions. But it cannot be overlooked that regional development by means of irriguous reservoirs called pi t'ang 陂塘 which had been a traditional technique since the age of Han 漢 was also carried out in mountainous districts and other regions where irriguous streams were not available. Che tung 淅東 was a district where pi t'ang were very prevalent, and Wu-chou, located in its center and surrounded by hills on all sides but one, was the place where pi t'ang were most numerous. It is shown in the Ming 明 Ch'ing 清 land data that the reservoir density (reservoir area/cultivated land area) in Wu-chou was 10 per cent, while that in the neighbouring regions was under 5 per cent. Especially high percentages were shown in I wu hsien 義烏県 (14%), Lan ch'i hsien 蘭谿県 (12%), Chin hua hsien 金華県 (11%), and Tung yang hsien 東陽県 and Yung k'ang hsien 永康県 (10% respectively). On the basis of structural characteristics of many of the reservoirs, and because of the fact that the reservoir density was 13 per cent in Lan ch'i hsien at the time of Chin-chieh-fa 経界法 in the age of Nan Sung 南宋, it can be stated that reservoirs had prevailed in Wu-chu as widely in the age of Sung as in the ages of Ming and Ch'ing. In Wu-chou there were two types of the structure of reservoirs. Reservoirs of one type were constructed by means of building a dike on one side or two, with the other sides being surrounded by hills, and those of the other type by means of building a circular dike at flatlands. Respective reservoirs were generally small in area, average area being 20 to 30 mou 畝, and were able to irrigate a field about ten times as large as their own water surface area, which means that the average area irrigated by one reservoir was 200 to 300 mou. The small scale of those reservoirs enabled farmers to build them on their own account. But it can be presumed that there was an inevitable ceiling to the investment on irrigation works because the reservoirs, which for the most part were small and dispersed, were not always very effective against drought or flood. It is plausible that agricultural productivity in Wu-chou had already reached a certain limit in the age of Sung because in Wu-chou after the age of Sung there was no remarkable increase either in the area of cultivated lands or in the number of households. With such situations as its setting, people in Wu-chou directed their effort at regional development to sericulture, silk weaving, tea planting, fruit culture, pisciculture, etc. which they could foster by taking advantage of given natural, geographical conditions.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1975-10-15
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- 宋代〓州の水利開発 : 陂塘を中心に