はしがき (近世と商業経営)

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The six articles appeared in this special number of "The Socio-Economic History" are written based upon the papers read at the 34th annual meeting of the Socio-Economic History Society, which was held at Osaka University on May 30, 1965, under the general theme : Management of Commercial Enterprise in the Tokugawa Period. The organizers-Prof. M. Miyamoto and myself-had selected the reporters not only from among economic historians but also from among specialists in neighboring fields of study-sociology, accountancy, and so forth-in expectation of throwing lights on many aspects of merchant houses in pre-Meiji Japan. The items taken up by the organizers were as follow : (1) the character of the subject of commercial enterprise, (2) methods and development of commercial transactions, (3) financier management and book-keeping, (4) human relations management. The intention of the organizers seems to be well materialized by the following six sarticles. (1) As for the character of the managerial subject, Mr. Nakano, depending upon his field survey and documentary analysis of many merchant houses in Kyoto, clarifies that the merchants in those days put almost absolute importance on the "ie" (house or household) and that the everlasting prosperity of the "je" was the ultimate desire of them in managing their bisiness. (2) Mr. Kawakami explains the commercial activities of the House of Konoike, one of the biggest Osaka merchants, from its start as a sake-brewer to its success as a financier, and Mr. Mori gives a clear view of the same House in its daimyo-gashi (money-lending business to the daimyo). (3) As for the financing management, Mr. Uemura refers to the money-borrowing by the famous Toyama peddler druggists for the purpose to balance the deficit of revenue, which was the natural result of selling druggs on credit. The more interesting is the analytical study by Mr. Ogura of the book-keeping method of the House of Nakai, the biggest Omi merchant in the Tokugawa Period. According to him, the double entry method had already been completed in the middle of the eighteenth century, which might be compared with the German method in the same age. (4) The article by Mr. Nakai, which deals with the House of Mitsui, shows how the employees were promoted from apprenticeship to the position of managers, and how the loyal employees were treated after their retirement. It also refers to the fact that the employee managers were trusted by the masters with almost all the managerial activities. These practices seem to have a close connection with the desire for the everlasting prosperity of the "ie", which is mentioned by Mr. Nakano.
社会経済史学会の論文
1966-03-31

はしがき (近世と商業経営)

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