中部インド諸族における所有原理の研究 II : 比較考察
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概要
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On another occasion we studied some aspects of land ownership among the Mundas, who live in the south-eastern parts of Bihar, India, and found that this ownership is ultimately based on the principle that every one has the right to the yield of his labour (YAMADA, R., 1967a). Now, they share this principle with other primitive agricultural tribes in Middle India. The principle applies irrespective of economic forms, i. e. it is found both among shifting cultivators and among settled agriculturists on terraced fields. It also underlies not only annual agricultural activities but also the activities of hunting, and gathering, which provide important supplementary food supplies to all these primitive peasant tribes. Moreover, owing to the investigations by W. SCHMIDT (1937, 1952) and W. NIPPOLD (1954) , we know that the primitive hunters and gatherers have also the same principle. Thus the principle is a fundamental rule running through the stages from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. However, the principle expresses itself in different outward forms, according as how long the yield of the labour can last. If the yield is of a fairly durable value, the principle establishes an inheritance right, even the labour belongs to the hunting and gathering activities. Thus the right to the palm and some fruit trees, among most tribes in Middle India, or the right to the honey gathering places among the Hill Kharias is the example. On the other hand, if the labour yields results of a short term value, the right has also a very short durability, even though the labour is of an agricultural nature. This is the case with the right to the fields among the purely shifting cultivators like Juangs, Kuttia Konds, Kamars, Hill Reddis, Hill Marias and so on. Among them the right to the fields disappears as soon as they give up the fields. after two or three years' cultivation, because their techniques of cultivation can make the fields usable only for two or three years. This is the real meaning which underlies the usual expression as 'the private ownership of the fields is not permitted' among these shifting cultivators. We should rather say : 'the private ownership of the fields does not continue after the fields lose their value', just as GRIGSON points out about Hill Marias (GRIGSON, W. V., 1949 : 130-131). Therefore, so far as the relation of the nature of the labour and the right produced by it is concerned, there is little difference between shifting cultivation and hunting and gathering activies.
- 日本文化人類学会の論文
- 1967-09-30
著者
関連論文
- 座談会(誌上シンポジウム 人類学の体系と教育組織について)
- 中部インド諸族における所有原理の研究 II : 比較考察
- タルブ・ムンダ族の穀霊逃亡観
- L. A. KRISHNA IYER & L.K. BALA RATNAM, Anthropology in India., Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1961. 257p., xi, 43 pls.
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- Irawati KARVE, Kinship Organisation in India, Deccan College Monograph Series Vol.11, Poona, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, 1953, x+304p., 4 maps
- FURER-HAIMENDGRF, Elizabeth von, An Anthropological Bibliography of South Asia, Together With a Directory of Recent Anthropological Field Work, Le Monde D'outre-Mer, 4me Serie, Vol.3., Mouton & Co., Paris. 748pp.
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