昭和初期の東京とその周辺地域における中国人労働者の排除と集住地区の衰退
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昭和初期の東京とその周辺地域を対象として，中国人労働者の集住地区が衰退していった過程を，政府や地方自治体の外国人政策の変化や，都市労働市場の状況との関係から検討した．1920年代前半に日本へ来住した中国人労働者の就業構造は，昭和恐慌の発生によって一変した．1930年には中国人建設・運搬労働者の半数近くが失業するほどになり，彼らに対する排斥運動も深刻化しつつあった．そのため，この年には，失業者を中心に帰国希望者が相次ぎ，日本政府の斡旋により中国人労働者の大量帰国が実施された．1920年代後半期には，政府による中国人に対する強制送還も厳格化された．まず，1926年末頃から，窃盗などの検挙者を中心に送還者数が増大した．1929年頃からは主な送還対象者が不正入国者や無許可労働者に拡大され，1930年には送還者数が最大になった．これらの政府の諸政策によって，隅田川・荒川沿いの地域などに居住していた中国人労働者は帰国を余儀なくされ，彼らの集住地区は衰退していった．The purpose of this article is to clarify the process by which Chinese workers were excluded from the urban labor market and how Chinese residential segregation declined during the early Showa era in and around Tokyo, due to the government policies on foreigners, conditions of the urban labor market, and boycott movements against them. The data used in the analysis were gathered from the diplomatic record office of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. The occupational structure of Chinese workers who had immigrated to Tokyo during the first half of the 1920s underwent a drastic change because of the outbreak of the Showa Crisis. At this time, the wage levels of Chinese workers employed in the construction and labor sectors fell, and some began working in various other fields such as the leather industry. After 1930, Japanese workers started boycott movements against them, and nearly half lost their jobs. Therefore, in late 1930, many unemployed Chinese had requested to return to their country and many did so with the assistance of the Japanese government. During the late 1920s, the Japanese government's deportation policies toward Chinese was also becoming stricter. In the early 1920s, the government had already adopted a policy of refusing new Chinese workers entry into the country and implementing employment controls on workers employed in the construction, labor, and manufacturing sectors. Beginning in 1926, the number of deportations increased rapidly, but the major targets of deportation were "criminals," such as thieves. However, beginning in 1929, the major targets of deportation escalated to include illegal gamblers, illegal immigrants, and illegal workers, and in 1930, the number of repatriates reached its zenith. Furthermore, in 1927 the targets of deportation tended to concentrate on jobless Chinese, but beginning in 1928, they tended to concentrate on workers employed in the construction and labor sectors, who competed with Japanese workers in the labor market. The decline of Chinese residential segregation was first caused by these government policies. Those policies excluded Chinese workers who had settled in the Sumida and Arakawa districts from the urban labor market and deprived them of job opportunities. As a result, Chinese workers were obliged to return, and Chinese residential segregation in Tokyo which began in the early 1920s disappeared.
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関連論文
- 昭和初期の東京とその周辺地域における中国人労働者の排除と集住地区の衰退
- 1920年代の東京府における中国人労働者の就業構造と居住分化
- 長崎における在日中国人の就業状況の変化と居住地移動
- 長崎在留華僑・華人の就業構造の変化と居住地移動 -ライフヒストリーによる世代間比較を通して-
- 大連における植民地時代の建造物と観光開発