バルトロメ・ピトゥコ : 18世紀後期のマニラに生きたある中国人キリスト教徒
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概要
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Manila in the second half of the 18th century was increasingly linked to world economy The Chinese junk traders continued to visit Manila as in the previous periods, carrying Chinese luxuries, such as silk and porcelain, and daily necessities for the colonials However, they had to face growing competition with the Spaniards who started to send their own trading ships to China as well as other European merchants who had succeeded in penetrating the "exclusive" Manila Galleon trade system with both Chinese and Indian goods The Spanish colonial government began to make serious efforts to reduce the number of resident Chinese through expulsion, immigration ban, or requiring Chinese immigrants to embrace Christianity, in the hope that the former would take hold of the colonial economy which, in its view, the latter had long controlled for their own advantage The Chinese community in Manila had therefore to adjust to the changing political and economic environments and to find its way to survival Some left Manila Others chose to remain and embraced Christianity This paper is an attempt to show how the Chinese in Manila in the second half of the 18th century adjusted to a new environment and survived In order to illustrate the point, the case of Bartolome Pitco was examined as one of the successful Christian Chinese merchants of the time. We can trace Bartolome Pitco to his baptism in the Church of Parian A Chinese Dominican. Pablo Domingo Ngien baptized Pitco on 6 June 1761 His baptismal record shows that he was 21 years old and was from Chmcang (Jinjiang) county of Fukien (Fujian) Province He was one of 767 Chinese who received baptism in the Church of Parian during that year At the age of 27, Pitco married to a Chinese mestizo of Santa Cruz, Maria Secilia Out of their marriage, he had at least three children They were all baptized in the Church of Santa Cruz. Pitco seem to have started his life in the Philippines as a swineherd In 1766, he became the gobernadorallo of the Chinese He was involved in the Fukien-Manila junk trade by standing guarantee for some of the Chinese merchants from Fukien In the years 1771-73, he himself captained a Chinese junk and carried on the trade between Manila and Fukien Meanwhile. Pitco acquired a reputation among the Spaniards for having a good command of Spanish His knowledge of the language may have in some way contributed to establishing a better relationship between the Chinese and the Spanish In 1778 Governor Basco lifted the ban on Chinese immigration and allowed the Christian Chinese to settle in the Philippines The governor expected them to contribute much to the development of new industry or to the growth of agriculture Governor Basco entrusted Pitco with the task of recruiting Chinese skilled labor from Fukien although this did not prospered much Meanwhile, the governor appointed him as cabealla principal of the Chinese in the expectation that he would act as an intermedi ary between the Chinese community and the Spanish government His appointment as cabecilla principal would facilitate the processing of a tax roll of the new immigrants, so that the Spanish authorities would be able to have a better position to keep track of Chinese residents Bartolome Pitco died sometime between September 1786 and May 1787. At that time, he was the meat contractor for the city of Manila. He also invested in the Fukien-Manila trade and sent a junk to Fukien of his possession named San Pedro. His business in meat supply was taken over by one of his agents, Francisco Tico. He carried the same family name as Pitco, namely, "Gov," a fact which suggests how the Chinese in Manila built up their business network
- 1992-03-05
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関連論文
- バルトロメ・ピトゥコ : 18世紀後期のマニラに生きたある中国人キリスト教徒
- 18世紀後期フィリピンにおけるサン・ガブリエル病院 : 非キリスト教徒中国人の追放との関連において
- 18世紀後半フィリピンにおけるメスティーソの興隆の背景