田中正造考(二) : 下町の文化的風土 その(一)
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概要
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This paper is intended to examine the 17th and 18th Century cultural climate of Shimotsuke-no-kuni, where Shozo Tanaka was born and raised. In the middle of the Edo Era, two educators expounded on their ideas to farmers in or around Shimotsuke. One was Tanboku Tokiwa, who taught everyday morals and standards of behavior ; the other was Tori Nakane, whose speciality was the doctrines of Wang Yang-ming. Tanboku Tokiwa (1677-1744) was born in Shimotsuke and engaged actively in Hai-kai, a kind of poetry, in the city of Edo. While he was making a tour of the villages in the Kanto district for the purpose of instructing farmers there in Hai-kai, he also felt compelled to enlighten them. As a result, he wrote three books on morals. These books state that all things are under the control of Ri (natural principles), but that humans can control Ri and practice their own way. Mankind carries out the "Way of Heaven" as the "Way of Man" (Jin, Gi, Rei, Chi, and Go-Rin) when he feels compassion for and brings up all things. Tokiwa explained that following this "Way" meant not killing living things indiscriminately and not allowing trees and plants to wither in vain. By adhering to Jin, Tokiwa felt, human beings would torment each other less and be more grateful to Heaven and Earth for their bounties. In 1735,Tori Nakane (1694-1765) was invited from Edo by one of his disciples to come to Sano, Shimotsuke, where he expounded on Wang Yang-ming's thought from 1735 to 1753. Tori said that the learning of sages advises us to practice Jin, the spirit of unity between the self and the universe. Gi (righteousness), Rei (manners), Chi (wisdom), . And Shin (fidelity) are all involved in this practice. The nature (Sei) and spirit (Ki) of Heaven and Earth are shared by all things, even though they appear very different. The sun and moon, the elements, mountains and rivers, all plants and living creatures are equrvalent to Ware ("I" or ego) However human desires cover such a truth, following the learning of sages will help us conquer them and realize that we are one with all things. Thus, Nakane believed, people would not forget distant things nor neglect things nearby, will help each other and share equally joy and affliction ; he taught that if Mankind would do this, no one would ever need to feel ashamed, depressed, or fear opression by any power.
- 北海道東海大学の論文
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