ルドルフ・シュタイナーの初期哲学

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論文/ArticlesThis article focuses on the early philosophy of Rudolf Steiner (1880-1900). Steiner's early thought is relevant as his later theosophy and anthroposophy were both based on it. His mystical thought, too, was influenced by some of the concepts featuring prominently in his early philosophy. In this paper, I therefore analyze the specific meanings of some of his philosophical concepts as well as his acceptance of other contemporary philosophical discourses: Kant's epistemology, Goethe's worldview, German Idealism, Ernst Haeckel's Monism, and ethical individualism based on the philosophies of Nietzsche and Max Stirner. Steiner tried to overcome the epistemological boundaries established by Kant. To do so, Steiner adopted Goethe's notions of "Anschauung" and idealistic "Denken". He further insisted that man has the ability to grasp the world, a view into which he integrated these two notions. On the one hand, Steiner located this ability at the top of the process of organic evolution in respect to Haeckel's Monism, while on the other hand, under the influence of Nietzsche and Stirner, he regarded it as the force that can create an individualistic ethic. In conclusion, I connect Steiner's thought to wider philosophical trends in the late 19th century. In this way, it becomes apparent that Steiner's early philosophy was formulated with the intention of restoring "Einheit" (oneness) to the world.