Geodetic and Astronomical Contributions to the Invention of the Normal Distribution:Some Refinements and New Evidences

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In the community of geodesy it is well-known that the famous normal distribution originated from the mathematical analysis of observational errors in astronomical and geodetic measurements. However, as far as we know this aspect of scientific history which is of considerable interest for the community of geodesy has not been considered in geodetic literature. We put forward our own independent views that make several refinements to the topic, and give - using the modern results of the central limit theorem - a new straightforward derivation of normal distribution from the Hagen's hypotheses. We observed and presented in this paper that a characteristic property of normal distribution discovered by Forster, a geodesist and Pblya, a mathematician gave rise to theory of stable distributions which is an important new branch of modern probability theory.
日本測地学会の論文