The virabhojya ritual and Vajrayana bhiksus

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概要

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• The present author researched the group-oriented religious practices in the last phase of Indian Esoteric Buddhism, namely, Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism. The ganacakra (tantric feast) occupied the central positions in Vajrayana group-oriented religious practices.Some time after the establishment of ganacakra, a new version of religious ritual called virabhojya/virabhojya (the heroes'/heroines' feast) entered into existence to accompany the ganacakra ritual in the Buddhist world. Whereas the virabhojya/virabhojya ritual is confined to either the male or female sexes, the ganacakra ritual consists of both sexes.This paper aims to discuss the virabhojya/virabhojya in connection with ganacakra and to demonstrate the orientation and mentality of sanghas (Buddhist Orders) towards these group-oriented practices. The fact remains that joining ganacakra for attaining enlightenment necessitates that participants drink alcohol, eat meat and perform sex-yoga, the practices of which contradict the Vinaya, the time-honored Buddhist precepts. According to the Vinaya, offenders of the precepts are said to f all to hell.Firstly, this paper observes participants of the newly introduced virabhojya/virabhojya ritual and the seating arrangement according to the traditional categorical demarcations of sangha membership.Secondly, this paper discusses the differences in nature between ganacakra and virabhojya/virabhojya centering on the existence of sex-yoga.Lastly, this paper will discuss the way that some Vajrayana monks in sanghas applied Vajrayana interpretation to the time-honored norms of eating and drinking manners originating in Early Buddhism in an effort to justify sangha members to participate in the ganacakra and virabhojya/virabhojya rituals.The present author concludes that Vajrayana monks not only took part in authentic ganacakra but also took initiative to organize the virabhojya/virabhojya ritual and encourage sangha members to join them.

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