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We attemped to see if adhesion of diets to the beak caused a beak abnormality characterized by a gap between the upper and lower beak (Exp. 2). The effects on the incidence of the beak abnormality by varying dietary protein sources (Exp. 3) or by adding one of the salts of sodium, potassium and calcium to the casein-cornstarch diet (basal diet) (Exp. 1, 4, 5 and 6) were also investigated.One-day-old male White Leghorn chicks were given diets and water freely for fourteen days in Exp. 1, 4, 5 and 6, and for ten days in Exp. 3. In Exp. 2, the basal diet supplementedwith 1.0% of sodium bicarbonate was given to chicks in three forms of mash, granules and fluid mash (tube-feeding) for fourteen days. In Exp. 3, casein-amino acid mixture was replaced isonitrogenously by a commercial isolated soybean protein (Fujipro-R) or a defatted whole egg protein prepared in our laboratory. In Exp. 1, 4, 5 and 6, various salts were added individually to the basal diet at the expense of dietary cornstarch. In Exp. 4, 5 and 6, the sodium content of the basal diets supplemented with one of several sodium salts was equal to that of the basal diet supplemented with 1.0% of sodium bicarbonate. In these experiments, the amounts of added potassium salts and calcium salts supplied 119 mEq of potassium calcium ion and 476 mEq of calcium ion per kg diet, respectively.The incidence of the beak abnormality was found to be higher when more than 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate was added to the basal diet than when 0.2 % of the salt was added.When the basal diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate in granules or in fluid mash was fed, neither adhesion of the diets to the beak nor its abnormality was observed. This result indicates that the adhesion causes the abnormality.There was no beak abnormality in any chicks when the casein in the basal diet sup-plemented with sodium bicarbonate was replaced by isolated soybean protein or defatted whole egg protein.The incidence of the beak abnormality was much higher when the basal diet was supplemented with sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate (dibasic) than when the diet was supplemented with sodium chloride or sodium phosphate (monobasic).Addition of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate (dibasic) increased the incidence of the beak abnormality, but potassium phosphate (monobasic) was added without increasing the incidence.The number of chicks with the beak abnormality was not larger in the groups fed the basal diets supplemented with calcium phosphates (monobasic and dibasic) than in the group fed the basal diet. Chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with one of the sodium salts of acetic and succinic acid, or calcium or potassium salt of acetic acid had no beak abnormality.The incidence of the beak abnormality increased with an increase in the pH of the basal diets supplemented with various salts (r=+0.740, P<0.05). A significant correlation (r=+0.649, P<0.01) was observed between the incidence of the beak abnormality and food spillage.The relations of the incidence of the beak abnormality with one of the dietary compositions, with dietary pH and particle size and with food spilage were also discussed.
- 日本家禽学会の論文
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