実際運動における軌道の見えの長さに就いて
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概要
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1. A vertical light of 5cm×.5cm moved horizontally in the dark room with ascending velocity until it was seen as a stable light belt, instead of a moving light. The observer was able to defferentiate seven stages as to the mode of appearance or "Erscheinungsweise" of the moving stimulus up to fusion.In order to find a relationship between the velocities which initiated the seven modes of appearence on the one hand and the length of path and the size of stimulus on the other, the experiment was designed to see whether or not Brown's laws concerning visual velocity and the size of the field worked in these cases. The results were consistent with Brown's laws. It was also found that in a certain type of stimulus appearance, the path of movement was always phenomenally reduced.2. The results indicated that the path of a moving stimulus was reduced in visual length as its velocity increased. The decrement in visual length was proportional to velocity up to a critical point, beyond which it did not enhance with velocity and this critical velocity was a function of the physical size of the path. The ratio of the decrement to the whole length of the path increased as a function of the latter up to the critical point but it decreased thereafter.The results also showed that the decrement of the path enhanced as the length of the stimulus increased, however, the width of the stimulus did not cause any noticeable reduction of the path. The intensity of the stimulus increased the amount of decrement.What was common to all these was that the critical velocity where we had the maximum decrement was a function of the respective stages of "Erscheinungsweise" of the moving stimulus.3. There were great individual differences as to the apparent shift of the path as a whole for the moving stimulus. However the shift was always the same in nature for each observer and if the movement was reversed, the shift was also reversed. The apparent shift of the path enhanced with velocity and it depended upon the locus of fixation point: when the observer changed his fixation point, the path as a whole, shifted to the same direction. It was to be noticed that the apparent shift disappeared when the subject fixed his eyes upon the end phase of the path.4. Our results did not support any functional relationship with the Froelich-phenomenon. On the other hand we found very high similarities between our findings and Scholz's results on the visual reduction of distance between two successive stimuli, but the function of fixation in our experiment was different from his.5. It was tentatively suggested that the visual reduction of the path of real movment is due to cohesive force among the processes which correspond to the whole path, and the process corresponding to the start phase of movement (which precedes any other processes in time) has an extensive effect upon the process corresponding to the end-phase of the movement. In other words, the apparent reduction of path occurs only when the process for the start phase of movement is dominant, to a certain degree, over that for the end-phase.However, the theory of cohesive force daes not provide enough explanation for the visual shift of the path as a whole.Further studies on the physiological correlate of cohesive force are urgently called for.
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会の論文