運動軌道の視知覺的變容
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概要
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1. When we see ordinarily a certain object moving in a definite direction, the visual field, in which such a movement occurs, contains many points of anchorage and usually a fixed spacial level is formed.<BR>Now, we may ask what a phenomenon appears in the path of seen movement, if the conditions for the formation and conservation of such a spacial level are absent.<BR>We took off all points, of anchorage, leaving in total darkness one single point alone, which was moved actually in different directions. The apparent movement of it was very uncertain, unstable and variable. In spite of the real path, which was a linear one, it showed curved displacements, which were different for different directions; it was stable for a vertical direction, one of the main spacial axes, in comparison with the others, and there was a difference too between "upwards" and "downwards", the former being more stable than the latter.<BR>2. Observers were instructed to observe monocularly throughout the experiments, and in this series of experiment they were especially instructed to fixate, not the moving point itself, but some other points and were asked to report on the displacement of the path especially in relation to these points.<BR>The results showed that the path bent towards the fixation-point. The degree of displacement, however, was different for different conditions, among which the distance between the fixation-point and the moving point, their relative spacial positions and the direction of actual movement were prevalent. As for the fixation-point, it moved also towards or away from the moving point in the form of induced movement. It was analogous to the behaviour of well known autokinetic movement, for instance, investigated by J. P. Guilford (1928).<BR>On the contrary, when the moving point was fixated, while another point was located in the visual field, the following two cases were reported, viz. 1) the resting point moved inductively towards the moving point, while the path of the latter did not curve, or 2) the path of the movement was drawn to the resting point, which stood still. In such a case, as soon as these two points appeared in the visual field, there was a direction formed between them. We may call this direction a figural one and distinguish it from a spacial direction.<BR>3. Such figural directions established between two or three points were investigated in the following series of experiment. Among the figural directions, a direction of the line, which was made up by the resting points, was especially dominant, so that the moving point moved parallel to or perpendicular to it , so far as the discrepancy between the figural directions and the direction of movement itself was not too large.<BR>Next, the relation between the figural direction and the special one was examined in such a way, that a line of light was exposed in a definite arrangement instead of the resting points. The moving point moved along to the lighted line, so far as it stood parallel to main spacial axes within a certain limit of shifting.<BR>Consequently it is explained that the spacial level is not always determined by the real space or the retinal one, but characterized by the objective-phenomenal property, which has been indicated by E. Oppenheimer (1935) , and sometimes it can be also substituted by the figural directions.<BR>4. When all resting objects are removed from the visual field, the movement of single point may have an egocentric localization.<BR>Observers were instructed to incline the head to 45° sidewards throughout this experiment. The results showed that the path of movement deviated from real one as follows: in the vertical direction, the upwards movement bent in a direction similar to the inclination of head, but the downwards one to the contrary to it, and in the horizontal, both the rightwards and the leftwards movements curved to upwards.
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会の論文