兒童によつて描かれた動くものの考察:汽車の繪の方向と運動
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概要
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Whereas studies on infant art drawings up to present seem to have been almost confined to the observations on portrait drawings, we have chosen pictures of railway trains and locomotives drawn freely by a number of children, because a very strong tendency of children, when drawing such moving objects as automobiles, trains and the like, to direct them left ward, attracted our attention. It has been our effort to bring together as many data as possible for interpreting the phenomenon, and, if possible, solving the problem, psychologically. There must, of course, be a large number of factors to be considered concerning the matter. But, we have taken up, to start with, the question of the influences by left-handedness and right-handedness and age and sex differences, as well as certain local conditions.<BR>Between October 1935 and March 1936, we could collect 1513 drawings from certain primary schools and kindergartens in <I>Taihoku,</I> Formosa, and the <I>Nanbu</I> Primary School in <I>Yonezawa, Yamagata</I> Prefecture. These were treated statistically. Of these drawings only 4 were clearly described to have been done by left-handed children.<BR>Table I shows the number and ratio of leftwardly directed and rightwardly directed pictures. These pictures were tentatively divided into two groups the one group comprises those that appear to represent running or dashing trains and the other includes those that are of standing ones (Table V).<BR>8 courses of experiments were carried out with regard to these two points, in order to scrutinize the statistical results obtained.<BR>The main features of our conclusion are as follows.<BR>(1) On the leftwardly directed pictures:-Regardless of sex and age differences and local conditions, more than 80% of the trains are drawn as running toward left. This value seems to somewhat fluctuate with regard to the difference of the school year, but the fluctuation is rather an irregular one. The same individual tends to chose the same orientation all the time (Exp. I). The same direction preference appears when toy trains are put on the table by children (Exp.II).<BR>The natural tendency of muscular movements may seem to be an important cause of the leftwardly directed pictures ; but the fact shown by the experiments with toys seems to suggest something more psychological than the muscular movements as the driving force of this general tendency. The direction of train seems to quite a good extent to be decided whether they are running or standing (Exp. VI & VII).<BR>(2) On the rightwardly directed pictures:-Among the rightwardly directed pictures collected there are some that were drawn by children who, presumably, are inherently left-handed but compelled to use right hand, as is not very uncommon in early school years. A few of the children seem to have directed their trains rightward as their artistic means (Exp. VIII).<BR>(3) On the trains viewed from the front:-Whereas the front view in portrait drawing appears in an early stage of child art, it represents a later, advanced stage in the case of drawing trains.<BR>(4) On the movement of train:-Regardless of the direction, the trains drawn by children are predominantly in motion, i. e., running. It seems that children draw dashing trains with more ease than standing ones (Exp. VII). There are children, who being requested to draw a moving train, directed it leftward, while, when asked to draw a standing train, directed it rightward. This again seems to suggest that the natural ease of the muscular movement alone does not decide the orientation of the train. Moreover, running trains are drawn as to show the movement in themselves, while standing trains are generally shown to be standing in reference to the environmental conditions.<BR>(5)Difference ih boys and girls:-Generally speaking,boys are more interested in drawing trains, and are, as a whole, more observant and more expressional than girls.
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