Characterization of Mutagens in Leachate from a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill as Determined by the Ames Salmonella Assay

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Mutagenicity in solvent extracts of leachate from a municipal solid waste landfill was characterized by the Ames assay using five tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Of 36 leachate samples, 12 (33%) showed significant mutagenicity for both tester strains TA 98 and TA 100, and 3 (8%) for TA 98 but not for TA 100. The mutagenicity of these leachate samples was observed mostly without metabolic activation by liver homogenates from rats (S9) . Further examinations with selected samples showed mutagenicity for TA 1537, a frameshift mutant, but not for TA 1535, a base-pair mutant, nor TA 1977, a frameshift mutant which had an excision repair system. The increase in a concentration of S9 up to 150μl/plate caused the decrease in mutagenicity for both TA 98 and TA 100 down to 40%-70%. The addition of a low concentration of S9 (20 μl/plate), however, decreased markedly bactericidal effects observed under higher concentrations of extracts than ca. 250μg/plate. These results indicate the active ingredients of leachate extracts consisted mainly of direct mutagens which induce frameshift mutation by reacting with Salmonella DNA with covalent bond.
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