韓国の人口減少農村における人口構造と移動のメカニズム--忠清北道清原郡の3村落の事例
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概要
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This paper aims to clarify the population structure and mechanisms of migration in depopulated rural areas of R. O. Korea. In Korea, migration from rural to urban areas occurred drastically, especially in the period of rapid economic growth since the second half of 1960s. Three hamlets which have depopulated at different rates, were chosen as a field research area (Fig. 1). The survey was made in a door to door visit from Oct. 1983 to Jan. 1984. The results are as follows;1. population structure changesa) Three regions have been depopulated by the migration to urban areas. Because many persons aged fifteen to thirty-five have emigrated continuously, the reproduction rate has decreased. Among the three regions, Samsan-Ri which has most depopulated, if the present trends continue, could be desolated soon (Fig. 2).b) In order to analyze the aging phenomenon, Age Structure Index was calculated using the method of Coulson (1968). As a result, it is known that the aging phenomenon was deepened with the emigration of younger peoples. Especially, in the most depopulated hamlets like Samsan-Ri, this phenomenon is most serious (Fig. 3).c) By emigration the number of family members and generations were reduced. This tendency is remarkable in the sharply depopulated areas like Samsan-Ri (Fig. 4).2. migration mechanismsa) Major pattern of migration trends to a partial-emigration rather than a whole family-emigration.b) Most of the partial-emigrants move to urban areas, especially to the metropolis. And the pattern tends to be step-by-step migration. For example, the first step migratin to regional city or regional capital such as Cheongju-city with a population of about 300, 000 occur in this research area. After graduation of middle and high school there, the second step migration to Seoul or other larger metropolis follows it, to continue the university education and to get a job.c) The age selectivity in migration was remarkable (Table 3). The sex selectivity varies with movement under male's military obligation and after marriage of females.d) The emigrants in the urban areas have a close relationship with their family remaining in the rural areas, and chain migration brings family members to the city. Ordinarily, the organization of the hamlet community also moves to the urban area.3. Land use changeEspecially in the mountainous region like Samsan-Ri, the cultivated land has fallen into disuse at the margins of the hamlet. In these regions, paddy-field farming is more general than dry-field farming due to the aged population structure, and land has been rented out to remaining farmers, but because of the illegitimacy and diseconomy this system is not very helpful to the farmers, and deepens the relative stagnation.In short, changes in depopulated rural areas are related complexly with the socio-economic factors. To make a good grasp of the changes in these regions, a more micro study must be continued.
- 東北地理学会の論文