結城機業の農村工業地帯 : 伝承・生産形態・労働力
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概要
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Yuki textile industsy has an old history, and up to date it has retained the unchanged process that is, thread is spun one by one out of floss-silk by the bulbs of fingers, and then it is woven by a primitive hand-loom, called ‘Izaribata’. Dyeing, thread-plying, and other workings are also all done by hand. The types of manufacturing process and relationship of the economic circulation in this industry are primitive. While the places of other historical textile industries in Japan have been modernized by the use of Takabata (Battan) or power loom instead of Izaribata, Yuki textile industry alone has maintained the from handed down since more than a thousand years ago. And while many of such places came to produce textiles for the markets in foreign lands rather than for those in the home land after the Industrial Revolution, and made rapid progress with the increasing extention of exports, and have finally resulted to form areas whose products supply both the domestic and foreign demands, Yuki industry has been confined to satisfy the domestic need of special kinds of pongee fabric.1. The producing district of Yuki textile cosists of the chief ground within a radius of five kilometers around Yuki City, Ibaragi Prefecture, and the subsidiary ground within a distance of five more kilometers from the chief ground. The subsidiary ground, however, has the inclination of declining gradually, because the cultivation of such plants as tobacco and gourd for dried ground shavings (Kanpyo) in place of mulberry is prevailing and the factories of other industries in local cities are absobing the labor on this ground. The facts that the profits from these are superior to those from the textile industry, and the transport facilities are becoming well-developed also contribute to the decline in this industry.2. Both the tradition and the special technique handed down from the past have combined to determine the location of this industry in this particular district. The complexity and variety of Yuki textile has yielded the unique producing process which has always been the same through history, and the peculiarity of this textile has stabilized its existence by supplying the demand for it. The characteristic of Yuki textile lies in the fact that the producing process cannot be done by machinery, but by hand.3. The main reasons why this industry is concentrated along the Kinu River are that most of the land is used for the cultivation of mulberry because the gravel contained in the ground has reduced the fertility and therefore, the productivity of crops and vegetables, and that the cultivation acreage along the river is small.4. An average farm-house of the settlements located within a distance of one kilometer from the Kinu River has 0.72 acre of paddy field, 1.17 acre of patch, and 0.75 acre of mulberry field. This portion of culiivated field per one house gets larger as the distance from the river becomes greater.5. The small scale of agriculturing in this district has produced the potential surplus labor and the seasonal unemployment, which have satisfied the necessary labor in the textile industry. On the part of the industry it is a gain of the cheap labor, but on the part of the agriculture it is a release of the surplus labor.6. Women of middle-age or over who are unable to leave their house and land mostly fill the labor needed for the weavering as their subsidiary work. There are not many specialists in weavering, dyeing, thread-plying, and other processings: 10%, 45%, 25%, and 80%, respectively. The male labor is common except in weavering.
- 人文地理学会の論文