東欧の石油需給構造と新油送管建設の意義
スポンサーリンク
概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
The most remarkable characteristic in the East Europes energy economy is that they are highly dependent upon coal production. This is in marked contrast with ‘mixed fuel’ economy in the Western Europe, which is under the same natural conditions as the Eastern Europe. In 1960, the petroleum rate in the structure of energy consumption was about 4% in almost all the countries except Romania (28.4%) and Bulgaria (13.9%), but in the former countries too, the rate shows a gradual increase as compared with the rate in 1957. The output of crude oil rose from 5.92 million tons (in 1950) to 14.12 million tons (in 1961), but the increase tempo became slower from the year 1955 and this is chiefly due to the stagnation of production in Romania (Fig 1). Romania is the largest supplying country in the Eastern Europe (the net export was 5.71 million tons in 1960), and 60% was exported to the SEV countries, but the main market is the Soviet Union (2.82 million tons).The ratio of dependence upon petroleum in the oil importing countries is very high. For example (in 1960), the rate was 99.9% in East Germany, 94.4% in Czechoslovakia, 77.1% in Poland and 53.8% in Hungary, and import in these countries is mostly from the Soviet Union. Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Poland occupied about 80% of the above Soviet export (Fig. 2). Due to the lack of official data cocerning the product consumption, I can not say for certain, but it can be assumed that more than two-thirds of it is for the fuel of automobiles and other engines and that its use in petrochemical industry is very rare.By 1965, crude oil output is planned to increase to about 16.82 million tons (Bulgaria excluded), in which is included 12.20 million tons (in Romania) and 1.0 million tons (supposed volume in East Germany). And in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, too, the petroleum import is planned to increase to about 18.0 million tons. This increase in import is solely due to the supply by means of the pipeline “Druzhba” and it is planned that by 1965, crude oil (15.00 million tons) will be exported through the pipeline from the 2nd Baku oil field.The construction of this pipeline has resulted from the combined efforts of several countries. And this has brought about an immediate effect upon the reduction of the cost of oil transport (about 72% cheaper than that of railway transportation), the release from the chains of railway transportation, and the development of the new oil refinery plants and petrochemical industry based on the plants. The capacity of crude oil refining in the Eastern Europe will increase from 17.81 million tons (1961) to 37.40 million tons (in 1964∼5, Fig. 3), and the new refinery plants will occupy about half of the whole capacity. Particularly, the locations of Schwedt and Slovnaft are worth noticing. The former is located on the border between Poland and East Germany, as is the case with Eisenhüttestadt, showing a political character of East Germanys dependence upon the Eastern world. The latter is along the Donau river and it will become all the more significant in exporting Soviet petroleum to the Western Europe, as it is situated in a strategically important place.But each country is under the different economic influence of the pipeline. In Poland, the export of coal occupies about 17% of the total export amount, and it is important for her to check the constant excess of import as much as possible. It is presumed that, because of the increase of energy consumption in her own country, the export of coal will stop and that Poland will change into an oil importing country. Therefore, what must be exported to replace it has become one of her important subjects. Romania has a problem to compete with the Soviet Union for oil market, as a similar oil exporting country. As it is presumed that, in near future, the export of oil will be reduced inside and outside the ‘block’
- 人文地理学会の論文