ドイツにおけるブドウ栽培の発達
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概要
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The first relic of a grape (vitis teutonica) in Germany is found in the lower oligocene. It means, there was already a wild grape in the tertiary period. During the ice ages the northern limits of wild grapes were pushed southward to mediterranean areas and the Near East. After the ice ages wild grapes were introduced into Germany again through the Rhône and Donau river valleys. Viticulture, as such, was introduced into Germany during the 2nd century at the latest from the Near East.With the Christianization of Germany, viticulture made the greatest areal expansion till the end of the Middle Ages. It was promoted as a terrace culture, which had been in existence since the 10th century, and by the efforts of the cloisters and churches, which had many vineyards in numerous villages, which were often located at a distance from the churches and cloisters (Fig. 1). But after the Middle Ages viticulture decreased due to the direct and the indirect damages caused by the 30-years-war. It is also said, that the decrease was due to a climatic change, namely the occurrence of cool climate after the Middle Ages. As a result many less favoured vineyards were changed into pasturelands and meadows (Fig 2).After the 19th century, viticulture was still on the decrease, owing to the appearance of other kinds of drinks, for instance tea, beer, fruitwines, etc., to the shortage of the farming labour force, to the rising of wages through industrialization, and to the increasing competition from other wine producing regions with the development of the better transport (Fig. 3).The development of viticulture gave rise to a typical wine producing house type with a wineceller (Fig. 4), intensive terrace culture landscape (Fig. 5), villages resembling city with a high population density (Tab. 1), towns with castle walls and many small towns and cities with wine marketing function, especially in southwest Germany.The German vineyard is now distributed along the Rhine and its branches, Neckar, Main and Mosel (Fig. 6). The State of Pfalz is now the greatest wine producer in Germany (Tab. 2). The present situation of the German viticulture must be considered within the EEC economy. In the face of custom reduction within the EEC countries, import of cheap wines from Italy and France has forced German viticulture industry to make an effort to modernize this agricultural enterprise. To reduce production costs, they have improved the varieties of grapes (Tab. 3), cultivation techniques (from the pile-culture to the wire-culture). They have also been rationalizing the vineyards according to the law of readjustment of cultivated land (1953), by which farmers can get the financial aid from the State for carrying out the readjustment.
- 人文地理学会の論文