丹後半島における廃村現象の地理学的考察
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概要
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Tango Peninsula is situated in the northwest corner of Kyoto prefecture. There were 100 rural settlements in the area more than 100 meters above sea level, in the early period of the Meiji Era. They consist of four types: in-valley, head-valley, top-valley and plateau settlements. The heighest level where the settlements were established was about 500 meters above the sea. The number of houses in one of these rural settlements varied according to the nature of soil and landform; in short, the space of arable land was the chief factor. In the case of 86 rural settlements, the number of houses has decreased, and in the case of the other six was the same until 1965. 18 out of the 86 settlements are now total "Ortswüstung" or absolute "Wüstung", and 14 out of more than 50% of the houses which existed before 1872 have been lost.The rate of the loss of houses is influenced by the landform also and especially by the altitude. And then, top-valley and plateau settlements located more than 320 meters above sea level, and the in-valley settlements located below 280 meters above sea level have lost houses in the manner shown in the fig. 4. The gragh indicates the rate of loss in a straight line (the rate of loss=1/5 height). The head-valley and top-valley settlements below 280 meters above sea level have lost houses in a parabola (R=1/700h2).The loss of houses here began about 1880. The number of lost houses was remarkably large in the following 3 periods; 1907-21, 1928-33 and 1952-.A long distance movement (outside Tango region) of the people from these rural settlements began about 1897. More people moved with the opening of local railway in 1928. However, as a whole, it was small-scaled. Especially since 1952 fewer people move, relatively speaking. A short distance movement has been also small-scaled, but we can notice a large-scaled migration of this sort in 1928-33, which the writer should like to name 'the first period of deserted villages'. A middle distance movement (toward the rural settlements on lower levels and local centers in the Tango region) has always been greater than the other two, except during the first period of deserted villages. About half of the middle distance migrators went mainly to nine local-towns (local centers) in Tango, especially to Amino (a textile manufacturing town) and Iwataki (a town with refined nickel industry, rubber shoes and texiles).In Tango Peninsula, total "Ortswüstung" or absolute "Wüstung" counted 18, and relative "Wüstung" 11 in 1965. The numbers mean about 30% of the rural settlements located more than 100 meters above the sea. Four of these appeared in 'the first period of deserted villages', and the other deserted villages appeared after 1956, which the writer should like to name 'the second period of deserted villages'.A dominant factor of the deserted villages here was the difficulty of enjoying facilities for life until 1956, and after 1957 the lack of economic power to meat the gradually modenized ways of life.As for land utilization, there are three types-- (1) total "Ortswüstung" followed by no arable land abandonment, (2) total "Ortswüstung" followed by arable land aban-donment, (3) absolute "Wüstung". Men are apt to abandon their homes before their cultivated land. Abandoned arable land is either left uncultivated or afforested. We can observe very few pastures made in the deserted arable land in Tango Peninsula.As for the new occupations of the migrators, those who lived in other places and came to work in their former farms could be found until about 1958.
- 人文地理学会の論文