人口激減地域における集落の変貌過程 : 四国山地中部と南西部の事例
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概要
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Since 1955 in Japan the emigration from village to city has been becoming very markedly. Rapid development of industry in the city caused this phenomenon and there have been brought about decrease and extinction of rural settlements in several mountainous districts. I intend to explain its process in exemplifying the two mountainous villages in the Shikoku area where arised particularly speedier emigration than any other mountainous district in Japan.Jinda(_??__??_)in Tsushima-cho, (_??__??__??_), Ehime(_??__??_)Prefecture and Kusahara(_??__??_)in Omogo-mura(_??__??__??_), Ehime Prefecture are the objects for this case study. Jinda is a farm settlement or a buraku(_??__??_)situates at the valley plain, taking the settlement type with dispersed homesteads at the southwestern district of the Shikoku Mountains.Inhabitants of the buraku have extensive forests under the communal ownership and it presents a conspicuous feature of the village community.Kusahara is also a buraku, locates at the hillside in the midmost part of the Shikoku Mountains assuming the settlement type with nucleated village. No forest owned in common, and it is far from to take a clearcut feature of the village community. How these two types of village, so diametrically contrasting with each other, have transfigured at the recent train of the whole family removal from village to city for these days? I have pursued it in microscopic analysis as far as I can.This is the finding.At Jinda farmers had decreased from 33 in 1952 to 16 in 1968. The decay of trade in charcoal making has caused it. The whole family departure from the village started to happen at the verge of the village with dispersed houses, then after it multiplyingly encroached on spots of central part. Contrary to the desolate aspect at the border part of the village with dispersed houses, where houses and fields were coincidently forsaken, at the central part of village, houses, but not fields, went to ruin, because remaining farmers bought the abandoned farm from the departed and cultivated it. And yet, in spite of newly acquired fields, the agricultural management scale of the staying farmers has not a bit enlarged in all, as they gave up to cultivate their old, unfertile fields at the outskirt of the village. In such way, Jinda buraku curtailed its extent, still in keeping the form of village with dispersed houses. Consequently the desolation of land broke out primarily from the bordering spots of the village. A large percentage of forest and arable land possessed by the departed are sold to the remaining farmers. Thus the social structure of the buraku is under reorganization.At Kusahara buraku farmers decreased from 33 in 1952 to 9 in 1968. This is arisen from the wane of sifting cultivation as well as the decay of trade in charcoal making in this locality. Departure of the whole family from the village occurred here and there. Vacant houses at the centre are bought by the remaining farmer living at the verge of village and utilized. Thus waste houses are to be seen spreading out from the border spot of the village. Jiuda buraku is minimizing itself in keeping the settlement type with nucleated village. All the fields where shifting cultivation was in practice are newly afforested, and ordinary fields adjacent to the village are only partially forsaken, because remaining farmers bought them from the departed. They burnt them and reforested there mitsumata or Edgworthia Chrysantha which had been formerly one of the cash crops of shifting cultivation in this district. The greater part of mountain and forest of the departed farmers are sold to the landowners outside of the village. Thus social construction of the village is collapsing.
- 人文地理学会の論文