メキシコ市のurban fringeの形成過程
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概要
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The present paper is based on the materials collected in the field survey in 1973 at Ixtapaluca, a municipality of the State of Mexico. Ixtapaluca is located 30km southeast of Mexico City along the old highway which connects the capital with Puebla. According to the Population Census of 1970, the population of the urban area of Mexico City amounts to 8.5 millions and it has an area of 650 square kilometers. The rapid urbanization of Mexico City after World War II results in the explosive increase of the population due to both the massive inflow and the high rate natural increase of population. There have been made many contributions to reveal the urbanization phenomena of Mexico City, but few studies have been made on the suburban area. The aim of this paper is to examine the mechanism of the formation of the suburban area of Ixtapaluca and to consider the characteristics of the urban fringe of Mexico City from the viewpoint of the rural-urban relationship.Ixtapaluca has 36, 000 inhabitants in 1970. There still dominates the agricutural landscape, but on the other hand its features have changed in consequence of the location of some big factories which took place after the beginnings of the 1950s, and that of the leisure center for the upper class residents in the capital city after 1970. The introduction of these urban industries affected the structure of the active population of Ixtapaluca; the proportions of those engaged in the secondary and the tertiary industries are increasing in contrast to the decrease of that in the primary industries.The main agricultural products of Ixtapaluca are alfalfa, maize, beet and barley. The most important factor which affects the characteristics of the Ixtapaluca agriculture is the land tenure system. In spite of the land reform, a considerable acreage of the agricultural land is still concentrated in the hands of a small number of large landed proprietors. There exist 10 estates, “ranchos” or “haciendas”, each of which manage more than 100 hectares and possess altogether about 30% of the total arable land. These landed proprietors are in many cases specialized in the fresh milk production. For example, the Guadalupe rancho has about 300 cows and produces 300 liters of fresh milk a day. This rancho possesses the processing and the transportation facilities, and sells directly to the dealer in Mexico City at 3 pesos a bottle. The total acreage of the arable land of this rancho is slightly over 100 ha, which consists of the properties of four brothers. The irrigated land occupies about 40% and is utilized for the fodder production.In Ixtapaluca, besides these large landed proprietors, there are another group of so-called minifundistas and that of peons and jornajes (day laborors) who possess no land. Peons and jornajes take up a considerablly high percentage (62%) of the total population engaged in agriculture. The minifundistas engage mainly in the production of maize. The surplus of this producion is sold to the estates and also to the intermediaries at very low price. The fresh milk industry that is favored by the proximity to the capital is carried out rather exclusively by the large landed proprietors because the minifundistas generally lack in capital. The income level of the minifundistas and the agricultural laborors is so low that their condition is better regarded as underemployment.The location of modern big factories in Ixtapaluca has had no sufficient effect on the absorption of the local underemployed population. About 60-70% of the workers of the factories in Ixtapaluca are residents of the municipality, but most of them are those who have immigrated here within these ten years from the other parts of the State of Mexico and from the State of Puebla to get new jobs in factories. One of the factors which precluded the local people from the newly created labor market is their low education standard.
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