麗済の南向き遷都に関する考察--韓国における三国時代の事例を中心として

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This paper attempts to explore, in historical perspectives, significant roles that a national capital plays, examining what effects the relocation of national capitals rendered to the national strengths and vicissitudes in the Three Kingdon Period, when Shilla, Kokuryo and Paekjae coexisted side by side, but each state attempted contantly to gain supremacy over others.Korea is one of the nation whose present national capital are burdened with problems of over-population, traffic congestion, environmental contamination, etc. Therefore, Several proposals have been advanced, as a means of solving such problems, that is, the relocation of the capital or at least the diffusion of its corpulent functions to other administrative centers. It may be meaningful to review such proposals with respect to the past historical facts in the Three Kingdom Era.Three noted scholars in Yi-dynasty had, already expressed their views on the problems related to the relocation of a national capital, i.e., Lee Chung-Whan (1690-1751), Chung Sang-Hu (1678-1752), and Chung Yak-Yong (1760-1801). All of them belonged to the Shilhak (Practical Learning) School of the days, who rejected to adhere heavily to ideological theories and instead adopted and adored more practical learning.Lee Chung-Whan discarded the traditional theories based on geomancy and helped to contribute to the establishment of a systematic theory based on more practical and scientific methods of geography; He expounded his methods of field survey, enumerating a number of conditions that must be taken into consideration when a new capital site is selected. His ideas were persuasive and also were instrumental to give a larger number of people a clearer idea on an optimal geographical site of a national capital. Chung Sang-Hu stressed his views based mainly on the strategies of defensibility of a new capital. Chung Yak-Yong, on the other hand, explored historical precedents and explounded the posibility of a nation's decline and eventual fall after the relocation of national capitals, due to financial over-burdens imposed by the construction of the capital, large in scale and short in time.Among the three kingdoms, Paekjae was culturally the most advanced, and Kokuryo enjoyed its sovereinty over the largest territory, but Shilla was the smallest state situated in the southeastern portion of the Korean Peninsula.A nation's fall and decline may be attributable to various causes, one of which may stem from the relocation of its national capital. In this respect, it is interesting to note that Paekjae and Kokuryo moved southwards their capitals five times, respectively.Kokuryo's consecutive southward movement of its capital were carried out in order to maintain a farthest geographical distance between its capital and its border with northern enemies, mainly for security reasons, while Paekjae practiced the same measure based mainly on geomancy.The relocation of nation's capital can incur some negative side effects, i.e., it is must sometimes be carried out at the excessive expense of both national and civilian resources and wealth for the construction of the new capital, and also can bring about psychological weakening of national determination and will for its defence.Thus, we may conclude that the relocation of the national capitals in the Three Kingdom Period in Korea--those of Paekjae and Kokuryo--had negative effects to the extent that these two states were obliged to succumb to their national falls. However, Shilla, without undertaking an expensive enterprise of moving its capital, remained in its original capital site, Kyungju, and eventually won the territories of the neighboring two kingdoms, establishing 9 administrative districts and 5 local capitals in the newly acquired areas; these districts and capitals were functional as local centers of politics, economy and administration.
日本地域学会の論文

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金裕赫
檀国大学校

麗済の南向き遷都に関する考察--韓国における三国時代の事例を中心として

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