環境保全と地域開発の一側面 : その両立を指向する道路づくりの在り方
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概要
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In most countries including Japan road authorities have so far endeavoured to build roads and highways which are most efficient as transportation facilities. As motorization proceeds further, more roads are built, and developments take place in areas adjacent to highways, the adverse impacts of road construction upon natural and social environments become more and more keenly felt. Highway planners are in dismay as their decision tool, namely the cost-benefit-analysis is not apt to evaluate the adverse effects on environments and other social values, and their embarrassement is further aggravated by the upsurge of resistance and objection of the citizens and local communities to many of their road projects.Time is ripe for road planners to most positively respond to the rising desire of the people not only to acquire more mobility but also to conserve their natural and social environmental values. As one who is more interested in practice than in academic achievement, the author has tried to put in this paper some practical suggestions toward that objective. The suggestions presentended are related to (i) road designs which reduce congestion, noise and exhausted gas, and disruptive effects on scenic beauty and natures ecology, (ii) means to encourage bus transportation with a view to reducing the private passenger car traffic (iii) route selection which minimizes the effect on many phases of natural and social environmental values, (iv) better configuration of road network to reduce through-traffic in cities, undue concentration of city functions in central districts and the need for long distance commutation, and (v) effective placement of bus and truck terminals, depots, and parking lots to eliminate unnecessary or dupricate traffic.He then takes up the approaches started recently in the United States, the “joint development”, “corridor development”, and “multiple use of highway-rights-of-way” concepts and examine their validity in Japanese context. The need for citizen participation in road project is also recognized but, as a premise to its successful introduction into the road planning activities, flexibility and versatility on the part of road planners are required on one hand and positive attitude on the part of citizens and schemes whereby citizens responses to and wishes concerning the proposed road project be translated into sensible alternative counterproposals must be developed on the other hand.It is also pointed out that improvement of tax system concerning real estate, land use policy, reinforced restriction on use of lands adjacent to roads and freeway interchanges and reinforced legal power to make advance acquisition of highway-rights-of-way easier in an amount exceeding the actual road-bed need for later joint development purpose are essential.
- 日本地域学会の論文