タリーカの制度化とスーフィー教団組織の成立 : 18世紀後半から20世紀前半エジプトにおけるタリーカの変容
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概要
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The present article explores some factors involved in the process of the transformation of the Sufi organizations calld tariqas in Egypt from the late 18th century to the first half of the 20th century.Until the beginning of the 19th century, the word “tariqas” did not refer to an organization at all; rather, literally translated, it meant the “Sufi Way, ” which is a specific method of devotion. Actually, each tariqa consisted of a number of small groups, each headed by its own shaykh; this implied that a tariqa did not have to be a single unified organization.Through the institutionalization of the Egyptian tariqas initiated in 1812, a new principle in the Sufi organizations was introduced, whereby a tariqa was to be an organization headed by only one shaykh, or shaykh al-tariqa. This principle created a situation which encouraged the breakup of the tariqas, since now the autonomy enjoyed by each group within the tariqa was considerably restricted. In fact, we observe an explosion of emergent tariqas in the 19th century as many of these groups began to claim that they were independent “tariqas.”This new principle was stipulated in the regulations issued in 1895 and in 1905, which must have aimed at the stability and continuity of the tariqas. However, this could not put an end to the recurrence of divisions. Rather, a number of khalifas started requesting the government to appoint them as shaykhs of their own tariqas. and used it as the justification for their claims.
- 社団法人 日本オリエント学会の論文