PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PUPILLARY REFLEX DILATATION
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概要
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Concerning the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms in reflex dilatation of the pupil elicited by painful stimuli, there have long been many arguments. One group of authors, for example, Bechterew (1) and Braunstein (2) concluded that the pupillary dilatation resulting from painful stimuli was caused solely by inhibition of the third cranial nerve activity. Another group of investigators, for example, Lieben and Kahn (3), Bain, Irving and McSwiney (4), Ury and Gellhorn (5), Ury and Oldberg (6) and Seybold and Moore (7) were of the opinion that parasympathetic inhibition was the principal factor in the reflex dilatation while sympathetic excitation was a negligible one.<BR> On the contrary, others, for instance, Luchsinger (8), Anderson (9), and Dechaume (10) claimed that sympathetic excitation was responsible for the pupillary reaction which was absent after cervical sympathectomy.<BR> Weinstein and Bender (11) compared the pupillary reflex activity in cats and monkeys. They concluded that a species-difference exists: in both species pupillary dilatation is accomplished by both parasympathetic inhibitory and sympathetic excitatory mechanism. In the cat, inhibition of the parasympathetic mechanism is predominant while in the monkey excitation of the sympathetic mechanism is of greater importance.<BR> Later Lowenstein and Loewenfeld (12) performed more detailed experiments in cats using their own pupillographic instrument; they observed that pupillary reflex dilatation was mostly due to sympathetic excitation, and was reduced to less than one-fifth of the normal control dilatation after sympathectomy.<BR> The author re-examined this subject with the aid of a new method devised for measuring the pupil size, simultaneously recording the contraction of the nictitating membrane and blood pressure in cats and dogs. The effects of barbiturates, pentylenetetrazol, chlorpromazine and morphine on the responses of sciatic stimulation were studied hoping to elucidate the central mechanisms involved.
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