トゥルカナ族の家畜所有集団と遊動集団
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概要
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The Turkana are pastoralists living in the arid country of north-western Kenya. They lead a highly nomadic life depending on five kinds of livestock, namely, cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys. Their pastoral life must be understood as a symbiotic system of man and livestock. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the relationship between the groups of man and stock animals which are the elements of this system.In their pastoral system, we must distinguish two kinds of human groups—“the stock owning group” and “the nomadic unit group”. Socially, the stock owning group functions as the basic unit, and is usually a polygynous extended family composed of a father, his wives and childen including married sons. Certain important aspects of the management of the stock belonging to this group are concentrated to the father, the head of the family. He is the symbol of the independence and integration of the stock owning group.Each stock owning group owns all five kinds of stock, but these are not kept in one camp. The territory of the Turkana shows wide variation with regard to the amount of the rainfall and the vegetation types. And each stock species also shows considerable variation in the adaptability to the lack of water and selectivity to the food plants. It is impossible to keep all of them together in one place. They must be divided into at least two camps according mainly to the species. As a necessity, the members of a stock owning group must break up into sub-groups and live in separate camps.To keep up their subsistence depending on stock, many kinds of work are needed, which are alloted to the different classes of age and sex. Especially, three types of work are fundamental in each camp; that is, supervision of the nomadic movement of the camp by adult men, various domestic works by women, and day-trip stock herding by young boys and girls. Generally, one stock owning group has not sufficient members to fulfill all of these necessary works by itself. A camp, its members comprising what I call the nomadic unit group, is usually organized by the association of two or three sub-groups from the different stock owning group. This association is indispensable to the management of livestock and is maintained stably without changing partners.