ヤクの季節放牧休牧利用方式がチベット南部高原高山野草地植生と植物種多様性に及ぼす影響
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概要
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利用は著作権の範囲内に限られます。ヤクの季節放牧が植物種多様性と植生に及ぼす影響を調査した．暖季放牧地（WSGP）では62種が出現し，寒季放牧地（CSGP）の53種よりも多かった．WSGPはCSGPよりもShannon-Wiener指数，Simpson指数とPielou指数が低く，植被度と群落高は低かった（p<0.05）．地上部現存量は，WSGPでは42.9 gDM/0.25 ㎡で，CSGPの108.7 gDM/0.25 ㎡よりも低かった（p<0.001）．WSGPではKobresia parvaなど草高が低く放牧に強い草種，Leontopodium nanumなど匍匐性で踏圧に強い草種が優占種であったが，CSGPではElymus nutansなど高草高の草種やTaraxacum mongolicumなど優良野草が優占種であった．WSGPではStellera chamaejasmeなど草地劣化を象徴する植物種が多数出現した．Botanical diversity, characteristics of vegetation and biomass were investigated in widely-spreading-type alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau to evaluate the effect of seasonal grazing by yaks. This study was conducted in Yushu Prefecture National Livestock Farm in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous State located in the south of Qinghai province in China. From 28 July to 1 August in 2009, investigations of floristic composition and biomass were conducted with 0.5 m×0.5 m quadrats and line transects in the pastures with grazing only in warm-season or cold-season and resting in the other seasons. Number of plant species was 62 in warm-season-grazing pasture (WSGP) which was greater than 53 in cold-season-grazing one (CSGP). The indices of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Pielou were lower in WSGP than those in CSGP. The rate of plant cover and the height of plant community in WSGP were also significantly lower than those in CSGP (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). The aboveground biomass was 42.9 gDM/0.25 ㎡ in WSGP which was significantly lower than 108.7 gDM/0.25 ㎡ in CSGP(p<0.001). Dominant species in WSGP were Kobresia parva, Stipa purpurea and Kobresia humilis which were low in plant height and highly tolerant to grazing, and also Leontopodium nanum and Potentilla bifurca which were highly resistant to grazing and trampling. In contrast, those in CSGP were Elymus nutans and Poa tibetica which were high in plant height and Taraxacum mongolicum and Astragalus polycladus which were known to indicate the pasture in good condition for grazing. Indicator plant species to show pasture condition degrading such as Stellera chamejasme and Androsace tapete were abundant in WSGP.
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