Fonctions des mythes dans la gestion traditionnelle des ressources naturelles : le cas du mythe de toula ou ≪serpent d'eau≫en pays songhay (niger)
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概要
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Studies of anthropogenic factors of the Sahelian ecosystem deterioration often put forward impacts caused by population growth, poverty or land use systems. An often ignored factor is the thorough disintegration which changes the original perception of nature these societies had. The study of the myth of Toula, allowed to assess the role and the weight of the cult of ≪water spirits≫ called ≪serpents d'eau≫ in the traditional water resources management of natural. Water is the main element structuring natural resources in these semiarid regions. The cult returned in Toula structured the access rules to the water resources by supervising and prioritizing the perception of the social group. The effectiveness of the regulations between intakes and available water resources relied on self-censorship principles and the pertinence of traditional knowledge. The cult is celebrated by children of the matriarchal lineages, creating equilibrium between the political power detained by the men, which is linked to the earth and the spiritual power of the matriarchal lineages linked to water. Around powers several stakes are managed in an integrated way: the management of water in social and mythical environment, the consanguinity and alliances. The fading of the cult since two generations led consequently to a deregulation of the natural resources management system which the desacralized traditional land tenure systems and the current land tenure laws could not still supplant.