ラトケの教授学
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概要
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The kernel of the modern didactics which has been established by J. A. Comenius, J. J. Rousseau, and J. H. Pestalozzi is the intuitional instruction. Of course the originator of the intuitional instruction is Comenius. In the case of Ratke, in general he is rated high as a reformer of language education in the field of the western history of education, but indeed only in the thoughts of the modern empiricism. Now in this paper I want to consider Ratke as the pioneer who led the intuitionalist, Comenius, later. The principle of Comenius's intuitional instruction is the reflexive recognition of concrete things, phenomena in nature and society through 'sense'. Therefore, it is composed of two parts. On the one hand, it systematize such concrete things, phenomena in nature and society. In this point he established 'Pansophia'. On the other hand, it is based on the sensualistic epistemology in teaching. It can be said to be the intuitional instrucation of the objective naturalism. What the origin of this principle has been constructed is already distinguishable in the works of Ratke. namely Ratke completed "Allunterweisung nach der Lehrart Ratichii" and "Register aller Lehren" from 1619 till about 1632. These are indeed encyclopedic knowledge systems which include various concrete things, phenomera in nature and society. And the basis of the kernel principle of this knowledge system is the harmony with faith, nature, and language. This is referred to 24 main items and 330 small items, and means the contents of education, or teaching materials in his theory which corresponds to Comenius's Pansophia. Also, I see that Ratke evolves sensualistic epistemology in his didactics, namely in the account of his enistemology he attachs importance to 'sense' above all, and makes clear the process from sensualistic recognition to intellectual recognition, or memory. This is clearly the origin of Comenius's intuitional instruction. By the way, just as there is the mutual relation between 'Pansophia' and 'didactics' in the theory of Comenius, there also exists definitely the mutual, circle relation between encyclopedic knowledge systems and didactics in the theory of Ratke.
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