On the Comparative Anatomy of the Cucurbitaceae, Wild and Cultivated, in Japan.

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1. The old stems of Luffa cylindrica, L. acutangula, Momordica Charantia and Actinostemma racemosum are very characteristic. They have a sharp keel along the angled portions. Microscopical examination shows that the ridges of Luffa cylindrica and L. acutangula consist only of outgrowths of the collenchyma, while those of Momordica Charantia and actinostemma racemosum are formed by newly developed secondary fibro-vascular bundles. 2. Stomata on the stems of the cucurbitaceae may be sometimes elevated wit the epidermis above the surface of the latter, as if they were supported by short thick hairs. 3. Trichomes on the stems are of four kinds: (i.) sharp-pointed conical trichomes, (ii.) blunt-ended conical trichomes, (iii.) short-stalked glandular trichomes and (iv.) long-stalked glandular trichomes. The glandular trichome of Trichosanthes cucumeroides is especially characterized by having a single enlarged terminal cell; that of Benincasa cerifera, by having two processes at the apex; and that of Cucurbita Pepo by having the head consisting of two cells one overlying the other. 4. There are four types of the distribution of the sieve-tubes in the stems: (a) vascular-bundle sieve-tubes, (b) ectocyclic sieve-tubes, (c) entocyclic sieve-tubes, and (d) commissural sieve-tubes. Luffa cylindrica and L. acutangula have those of the first and third types; Actinostemma racemosum, Melothria japonica, Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus, Momordica Charantia, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, C. Melo, Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, T. japonica, T. multiloba and Gymnostemma cissoides, those of the first, third and fourth; and Cucurbita Pepo, all four types. 5. Rhizomes occur in Melothria japonica and Gymnostemma cissoides. They are long and thick, having at several nodes three scales, which are anatomically distinguished as a shoot, a leaf and a tendril. They are full of starch-grains, those of Gymnostemma cissoides being the largest (0.06 mm. In diameter) contained in any of the organs of the Cucurbitaceae. 6. In the rhizomes the collenchyma, sclerenchyma and fibro-vascular bundles are considerably reduced. Their degeneration is much greater in Melothria japonica than in Gymnostemma cissoides. 7. The number of fibro-vascular bundles in the hypocotyls is generally six, except in Citrullus vulgaris and Cucurbita Pepo, the former of which has twelve, and the latter ten. 8. The epidermal cells on the upper surface of the blade of Trichosanthes cucumeroides are raised into conical papillae pointing outwards. 9. The epidermis of the blades may be many-layered as in Cucurbita Pepo, a character which is limited to this species. Momordica Charantia contains globular cystoliths (0.065 mm. In diameter) in the greatly enlarged epidermal cells on the lower surface of the blade. They are united into groups. 10. Stomata on the upper surface of the blades are rarely found in Momordica Charantia, Trichosanthes japonica and T. multiloba, while they are entirely wanting in Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus and Gymnostemma cissoides. 11. The pallisade parenchyma is usually confined to three- or four-tenths of the thickness of the blades, but sometimes exceeds six-tenths in Cucurbita Pepo, where the pallisade cells may be arranged in double rows. 12. The fibro-vascular bundles of the mid-ribs near the proximal portion of the blades are arranged in six ways: the first type has a single bundle situated at the centre of the mid-ribs (Actinostemma racemosum, Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus); the second has two bundles overlapping each other (Melothria japonica); the third has three bundles, a larger one at the centre, the other smaller two on each side and above (Gymnostemma cissoides); the fourth also has three bundles, but they are arranged perpendicularly (Cucumis salivus, C. Melo, Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris); the fifth has four bundles, and is distinguished from the third by having one more small bundle on the upper part of the central one (Momordica Charantia, Luffa cylindrica, L. acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, T. japonica, T. multiloba); the sixth has seven bundles, the largest bundle undermost, the other six on each side and above (Citrullus vulgaris, Cucurbita Pepo). 13. The petioles are solid in general, except in Cucurbita Pepo, Benincasa cerifera and Luffa acutangula, in which they are hollow. The number of fibro-vascular bundles varies from five (Actinostemma racemosum, Melothria japonica and Gymnostemma cissoides) to thirteen (Cucurbita Pepo). 14. Stomata on the cotyledons are in may cases present on both the upper and lower surfaces. Momordica Charantia, Trichosanthes japonica, T. multiloba and Gymnostemma cissoides form an exception to this rule, the former three having the stomata on the lower surface, very rarely on the upper; while the last has them exclusively on the under side. 15. The pallisade parenchyma of the cotyledons is commonly several-layered, while the spongy parenchyma is many-layered. The mesophyll of the cotyledons of Momordica Charantia, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, T. japonica, T. multiloba and Gymnostemma cissoides is, however, scarcely differentiated into the pallisade and spongy tissues. 16. The spongy parenchyma of the cotyledons of Actinostemma racemosum shows a reticulate appearance, the cells radiating from a fibro-vascular bundle and thus leaving very large intercellular spaces, so that it reminds one of the leaf-tissue of water-plants. 17. Unlike the common solid types, the stems of Cucurbita Pepo, Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris, the hypocotyls of Cucurbita Pepo, Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris, Cucumis Melo, and the main axis of the tendrils of Cucurbita Pepo, Benincasa cerifera, Luffa acutangula, Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus are equally furnished with a central hollow. 18. The number of stomata found on the tendrils is nearly the same in all species. The number of fibro-vascular bundles varies from four (Actinostemma racemosum, Gymnostemma cissoides) to ten (Luffa cylindrica). 19. In the old roots of Momordica Charantia the fibro-vascular bundles have a double arrangement at the angled portions, as in the old stems. 20. The young roots of Actinostemma racemosum have remarkably wide intercellular spaces, the cause of which is to be found in the habitus of the plant. 21. Tubers are confined to Trichosanthes cucumeroides, T. japonica and T. multiloba. The largest starch-grains contained in the roots are those of the tuber of Trichosanthes multiloba (0.042 mm. In diameter). 22. The epidermal cells of the fruit may be radially flattened, cubical, or radically elongated. Cucumis sativus is characterized by having the epidermal cells four times longer radially than tangentially; and Benincasa cerifera, by having a tangential septum in many of them. 23. In the pericarp-tissue a sclerenchymatous ring, either complete or incomplete, is generally formed. In Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus, Cucumis sativus, C. Melo and Cucurbita Pepo, however, it is entirely absent. 24. The surface of the fruit of Actinostemma racemosum, Momordica Charantia and Cucumis sativus is raised into tubercles. The origin of the tubercles varies; for those of Actinostemma racemosum and Momordica Charantia are anatomically proved to be parenchymatous outgrowths, while those of Cucumis salivus are the large protuberant bases of trichomes, which have become detached. 25. Sieve-tubes have a characteristic distribution in the fruits. Besides those found in the phloem there are isolated sieve-tubes in the tissue of the pericarp. These extra-phloem sieve-tubes occur in the hypoderma outside of the hardened ring. And when no hardened ring is present they are found in the outer part of the pericarp-tissue. 26. Into the tubercles on the surface of the fruit of Momordica Charantia a fibro-vascular bundle enters, and runs perpendicularly to the surface branching out near the top of the tubercle. Nothing of this kind is observed in other genera. 27. The anatomical structure of the fibro-vascular bundles in the fruit of Luffa cylindrica and L. acutangula deserves notice because of the fact that the well-developed sclerenchyma surrounds the remaining weakly-developed portion of the bundle, the whole forming a spongy mass. 28. We may distinguish three kinds of epidermal cells in the seeds: a) flattened or cubical cells, b) prismatic cells, and c) prismatic cells with thickened-ridges on their walls. To the first class belong Actinostemma racemosum, Schizopepon bryonicefolius, var. japonicus and Gymnostemma cissoides; to the second, Momordica Charantia, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, T. japonica and T. multiloba; and to the third, Melothria japonica, Luffa cylindrica, L. acutangula, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, C. Melo, Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris and Cucurbita, Pepo. The thickened-ridges of Benincasa cerifera, Lagenaria vulgaris and Cucurbita Pepo ramify dendritically at the apex, while those of Melothria japonica, Cucumis salivus, C. Melo are pointed towards the apex and widen towards the base.
College of Science, Imperial University,東京帝國大學理學部の論文
1903-09-15

On the Comparative Anatomy of the Cucurbitaceae, Wild and Cultivated, in Japan.

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College of Science, Imperial University,東京帝國大學理學部 | 論文

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