Hypothalamic Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

概要

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Metabolic integration of nutrient and hormonal sensing in the central nervous system has been shown to be an important controller of adiposity by affecting feeding behavior and energy expenditure in peripheral tissues. Hypothalamus is the main conductor in brain for whole body energy metabolism. Almost all energy signals are sent to hypothalamus from peripheral through blood and/or neural afferent pathway. Information of whole body nutritional state is accumulated and integrated in hypothalamus, thereby maintaining whole body energy homeostasis via autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. For instance, orexin and its receptor in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) play a key role in the regulation of muscle glucose metabolism associated with highly motivated behavior by activating muscle sympathetic nerves and β_2-adrenergic signaling. In addition, leptin, cytokines secreted from adipocyte, also reaches hypothalamus, thereby stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via sympathetic nerves and β-adrenergic pathway without AMP kinase activation, which is required for glucose uptake in muscle by exercise or muscle contraction. In this manner, brain centering on hypothalamus is a critical region for regulation of muscle glucose metabolism. Future studies concerning to energy metabolism in exercised condition would better to think about the relationship with brain.