ニュージーランド議会制民主主義の再考察 : ウェリンミンスター

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概要

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• The parliamentary system of New Zealand was classified as a typical Westminster case by Arend Lijphart and many others. However, the perusal of rich empirical data leads us to qualify such an overly generalised statement in a significant way. One needs to jettison the old stereotypical view of the New Zealand system for a more nuanced view. The Westminster model, widely spread out all over the world, is based on the principle of 'government by the majority' with little regard for the minority. The first-past-the post electoral system tends to produce a two-party system, with a clear-cut majority forming government. The governing party with its good command of the majority seats in the lower house is free to push through all legislation to its liking. New Zealand politics in the period from around 1940 to around 1990 indeed conform in large parts to the description of the model. After the 'golden' period sans fracas over nearly half a century, many new developments took place to decentralise the system from the late 1980s into the 1990s. The most striking point was the replacement of the Single-Member, Plurality voting system by the Mixed-Member Proportional system in 1993. Ever since MMP was put in use to elect Members of Parliament in Wellington, no party in government has come to win the majority. Now, after the election, we regularly see the leader of the party with the largest number of seats negotiating with various other party leaders to form government. The cabinet ministers do frequently have to consult with the MPs sitting on the opposition side so as to pass government bills. The Maori seats, which have been in existence in New Zealand Parliament to guarantee the Maoris their representation since the 19^<th> century and which still exist in a modified form in MMP, are counteractive to the pure Westminster model. The unique Westminster version which has evolved in New Zealand since 1856 is aptly called 'Wellingminster'.

• 2012-06-23

著者

• 陶山 宣明

  帝京平成大学

• 陶山 宣明

  帝京平成大学現代ライフ学部経営マネージメント学科

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