ローマ帝政前期における下僚(apparitores)と都市社会 : オスティアの事例を中心に

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Historians have described the urban society of the early Roman Empire as binary structure of ordo decurionum and populus. This framework has been revised due to resent deepening of studies on Augustales or collegiati, who enjoyed certain social status. However, scholars pay little attention to apparitores(salaried officials serving the local magistrates in municipalities). In this paper, I will analyze social meanings of apparitores in Ostia, a major port city of the imperial Rome. Ostia was not a typical city of Roman Empire because of its commerce-oriented economy, but it left many inscriptions which give a significant insight into the nature of apparitores. Ostia's system of apparitores was a standard one. It consisted of scribae cerarii, scribae librarii, lictores, viatores, and praecones. I identified profiles of nine apparitores in Ostia. A lictor curiatius, who had served in Ostia or Rome, thereafter succeeded in holding a position of aedile of Ostia. A scriba librarius was bestowed ornamenta decurionalia by ordo. Their careers embody their upward mobility. But one of characteristics of Ostia's apparitores is their membership in collegium. Four apparitores belonged to a collegium of fabri tignuarii(craftsmen), and assumed its honorary position (master or scriba). It was the fire brigade and brought certain status to its members. Its members in Ostia called themselves soldiers (milites, caligati), and this self-representation shows their pride as firefighters. The careers of the four apparitores mean that they played double roles of the officer in the municipal administration and the firefighter. This fact might suggest that some apparitores in Ostia established their social status through the roles of both minor official and firefighter. A collegium of hastiferi(spear-bearers) was also the case in point. It was a religious collegium serving the cult of Bellona(goddess of war). A scriba cerarius made two dedications in the clubhouse of hastiferi to numen dumus Augustae, genius decurionum, and L. Verus. The temple of Bellona was built at the expense of lictores, viatores, and honore usi (together with servi publici and liberti coloniae). Their connections with the collegium may be explained by its function of giving status to the members. Bellona, whom hastiferi worshipped, was the follower of Magna Mater. Like fabri tignuarii, the collegium of dendrophori (timber-bearer), performing the ritual of Attis, brought certain status to its members. Accordingly, it may be argued that hastiferi had the same function as these two collegia, and that lictores and viatores obtained higher social status through the membership in hastiferi. In sum, apparitores in Ostia were those who were involved in both lower administrative offices and collegia performing public activities. Although their careers may not be characterized as upward mobility, they distinguished themselves from the rest of the population. Consequently, we can assume that the urban structure of the early Roman Empire consisted not only of ordo decurionum and populus, but also of several other elements such as apparitores, collegia, and Augustales.
日本西洋古典学会の論文
2009-03-26

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本間俊行
北海道大学

ローマ帝政前期における下僚(apparitores)と都市社会 : オスティアの事例を中心に

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