イギリス新教育運動における「試験」・「知能テスト」をめぐる論争とジレンマ
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In this paper I focus on Examinations and Intelligent Tests for children, which generated conflicting concepts in the quest for` freedom in education' and individual work in the New Education Movement during the years 1920-1930. This was a significant decade in creating paradoxical situations for progressive teachers in state schools. This paper has three aims as follows:( a) to clarify biological and psychological meanings in the concept of the` individual' based on ideas of` the whole child' and` freedom' for children advocated by Percy Nunn( 1870-1944), and his introduction to the experimental data presented by Cyril Burt (1883-1971);( b) to identify critical opinion on intelligent testing from within New Educational ideas by Beatrice Ensor( 1885-1974) and J. H. Badley( 1865-1967), as presented in a special feature by seven British contributors entitled" Examinations or? Can Intelligence Tests replace Examination?" in New Era[ Quarterly Magazine of the New Education Fellowship( 1921-)] in January 1925; and( c) to consider the antithetical situation of advocates of freedom, new curriculum and new methods in progressive schools who emphasized qualities such as creativity and emotional development and, whilst accepting the use of intelligence tests. Through clarification of these situations riddled with dilemma, I indicate how the ambiguity and fragility of New Educational thought prepared the path for compromise as the eleven plus examination was implemented in state schools.
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