Lead Oxide and Soil Organic Matter Complexes Dominates the Speciation in the Clay Fraction of Bullet-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils, as Determined by EXAFS Analyses(Symposium 3.5.1 Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils,<Special Issue>International Symposium:

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High concentrations of lead have been found on shooting ranges around the world. Understanding the environmental behaviour of this source of lead assists in determining the risks associated with shooting ranges. This study used a controlled, laboratory based approach to study the speciation and complexation of lead that is deposited on shooting ranges in the form of bullets. Given that many shooting ranges are located outdoors, weather plays a significant role in determining the environmental conditions that the bullets are exposed to. Aside from direct ingestion of lead-contaminated soil by children, precipitation and subsequent infiltration is presumably the most important exposure pathway for humans by carrying mobile forms of lead from the shooting range down to the groundwater. Contaminated soils were therefore analyzed using extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy both before and after exposure of a shooting range soil to a simulated springtime snowmelt-the single largest infiltration event at northern latitudes. The best linear combination fit to EXAFS spectra of soil, both before and after infiltration, was a combination of 81% lead oxide (PbO) and 19% lead sorbed to soil organic matter. Two lead minerals that had been reported in previous studies of range soils, hydrocerrusite and cerrusite, were not detected in this study.
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