1911年イギリス国民保険法成立過程におけるロイド・ジョージの「強制された自助」の理念 : 「自助」と社会保険の架橋をめざして

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概要

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• This paper explores Lloyd George's idea of "compulsory self-help" in the process of formation of the British national health insurance system, in which he took the initiative. Focusing on both the continuities and discontinuities in that process shows that this system inherited the British tradition of "self-help" and its characteristics, while it contrasted with and was in tension with the tradition of self-help, and of "collective self-help" in particular. This system was envisaged as a result of the limitations of collective self-help. But it was impossible to ignore the traditional friendly societies and trade unions which had offered sickness and other benefits for many years. Additionally, there was a cost advantage to using existing organizations. Therefore, Lloyd George proposed a system administered by approved societies such as the friendly societies and the trade unions. In this way, this system inherited the tradition of self-help and adopted a form that compelled workers to join self-help schemes, which meant providing for their own futures. He also insisted that the whole community should be compelled to join and the whole country should help to overcome the limitations of collective self-help, by adopting a tripartite system of contributions from workers, employers and the state. Moreover, he emphasized that self-help organizations would be extended and strengthened by this system. On this occasion, the state was to interfere in the self-government of such organizations to a certain extent. State intervention was important to secure the stability of self-help by preserving self-help organizations in the foregoing system. On the other hand, approved societies which were to operate the system were given a certain level of self-government and autonomy. In this respect, the self-respect of the members of such organizations was secured. Meanwhile, he permitted the commercial insurance companies to become approved societies because he recognized their power to attract insured persons and collect contributions. In other words, he placed more emphasis on including as many workers as possible in self-help and less on entrusting only self-governing organizations such as the friendly societies with the administration of this system. In summary, Lloyd George sought to create a stronger national system in the tension between the tradition of self-help in Britain and the new state compulsion, while he faced and made use of this tradition and the characteristics of various existing organizations.

• 2011-10-30

著者

• 四谷 英理子

  東京大学大学院

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