I-2 TRANSDUCERS, SENSORS, AND ACTUATORS

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More than a century ago, long before they began their historic research on radioactivity, the Curie brothers discovered that tourmaline and other polar crystals generate electric charge under mechanical stress, the phenomenon of piezoelectricity. The advent of ferroelectricity fifty years later led to the development of poled electric ceramics and a host of composite transducer materials made in many different sizes and shapes. Although the structural properties of composite materials receive far greater attention than do their electromechanical properties, the use of multiphase solids in sonics and ultrasonics is surprisingly widespread. As the advantages and disadvantages of ferroelectric composites become better understood, an even greater range of applications will develop in the future; we can expect to see many kinds of passive and active components in which ferroelectric materials are combined with polymers, metals, or ceramics to optimize their physical and chemical response. In this talk we review some of the basic ideas underlying composite electroceramics: sum and product properties, connectivity patterns leading to field and force concentration, the importance of periodicity and scale in resonant structures, the symmetry of composite materials and its influence on physical properties, polychromatic percolation and coupled conduction paths in composites, electrostriction and other nonlinear effects, coupled phase transformation phenomena in composites, and the important role that porosity and interfaces play in many composites. The ideas will be illustrated with electromechanical transducers, sonochemical sensors, active vibration absorbers, electronic actuators, and a variety of other applications-both real and imagined.
超音波エレクトロニクスの基礎と応用に関するシンポジウム運営委員会の論文
1985-12-10

I-2 TRANSDUCERS, SENSORS, AND ACTUATORS

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