行政過程研究のための相互作用分析的接近法 : 教育行政研究を通して
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概要
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This paper proposes an interaction approach as a methodological framework for a systematic investigation of daily events of an educational organization and of the dynamic process of organizational change implied in these events. It is further proposed that this approach can offer hypotheses (statements of relations) which would be tested in organizational settings that are other than educational, thus suggesting a methodological orientation toward a general theory of administration. A dominant research question in the past studies of educational administration both in Japan and the United States, whether they are of legalistic, formalistic-institutional nature or of survey type, has been that of what rather than how. Thus, many researches have been concerned with what kind of an educational system a particular country has or should have, or with what kinds of characteristics or functions particular administrative offices or segments of an educational organization have or should have. Partly due to this major orientation research designs and strategies of these studies have frequently been muddled by a mixture of facts and value-questions leaving little hope for the construction of an empirically meaningful theory in educational administration. Against this background a basic shift is suggested in the type of question to be asked from what to how, and therefore, a shift in the kinds of information to be collected and in the methods of analysis to be employed. The suggested change in the basic research question assumes four fundamental presuppositions: (1) the approach to be offered by the new research orientation must be empirical and inductive in the observation and description of people acting and expressing sentiments in events in given time and space; (2) the assumption of the orderliness and regularities of organizational behavior, which suggests the possibility of an implicit order of behavior and of predicting a future course beyond commonsense insight; (3) the assumption of the contextual nature of events in administration, where no items of behavior or patterns of behavior or values as a part of the entire whole of organization can be made meaningful by themselves; and (4) data collected in one situation must be such that they offer comparability with those collected in other situations. In terms of reformulating the basic research question at the level of observation and data collection, it is suggested that special attention be given to the processural nature of administration and organizational life, and the processes and procedures of decision-making as a critical dimension for administration. These assumptions and research orientation are shared by and made characteristics of the proposed methodological approach of interaction analysis. In reference to the three separate case studies conducted by Iannaccone, Atwood, and Owada in the United States and Japan, the paper describes the development of the interaction approach as a method of data collection and systematic analysis of such data, and the kinds of hypotheses that can be derived from the employment of this approach. In particular reference to Owada's study the paper shows that the approach makes explicit the interdependent nature of relationship among the spatial, temporal, technical, sentiment, and interactional systems that are implied in the administrative events which in turn helps to identify the nature of organizational tentions, different patterns (processes and procedures) of decision-making, and the process of organizational change. The interaction approach that shows the possibility of formulating analytical hypotheses about these phases of administration can then serve as a framework that is fruitful for methodological refinement in administrative theory-building.
- 国際基督教大学の論文