遂行のHereとThere : その発展と認知的基盤
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概要
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Because of its idiosyncrasies, existential there has been studied in a wide variety of linguistic contexts (cf. Kimball 1973, Ross 1974, Milsark 1974, Bolinger 1977, Lakoff 1987, Inoue 1993). Among these studies, Bolinger (1977), Lakoff (1987), and Inoue (1993) are of special interest. Basing his work on an impressive body of data, Bolinger (1977) has analyzed existential there with deep insight not only from syntactic but also from semantic and pragmatic perspectives. Lakoff (1987) has examined existential there in comparison with deictic here/there-constructions, considering its emergence through a cognitive semantic approach. Inoue (1993) has studied existential there from a developmental perspective, dealing primarily with prepositional there-constructions. However, even in these studies, no reference is made to the performative use of here/there. Performative here/there emerges in the actual speech situation, representing the speaker's attitude toward the hearer in such a way that the speaker incites action on the part of the hearer. Performative here is used when the speaker, evoking the hearer's attention, makes that person perform some specific action, as in (1) below. Performative there, on the other hand, is used when the speaker, soothing or comforting the hearer, encourages him/her to move beyond the immediate problem, as in the examples in (2). (1) a. Here, I need that wrench. b. Here, can you take care of me? c. Here, Squeak, let me strap this key to your back. (2) a. There, there, it'll be all right. b. There, there, Marilla, you can have your own way. c. There, there, never mind your kissing nonsense... . This paper examines these performative uses, exploring the cognitive mechanisms underlying their development. I propose that performative here/there has arisen from deictic uses (more specifically, a type of delivery usage) through the shifting of focus from the physical location to the speaker/hearer's interrelationship in the actual speech situation. I also argue that the CENTER-PERIPHERY schema, which motivates every use of here/there, characterizes the meanings of performative here/there.
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