オスマン帝国における義務教育制度の導入
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概要
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This paper considers the introduction of compulsory education in the Ottoman Empire. The imperial edict (ferman) of Mahmud II (1824) is considered in most studies to be the first step in the establishment of compulsory education. However, careful consideration of the edict reveals that it did not order compulsory education but set employment qualifications for Ottoman subjects and punishment for the lack thereof. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the historical sources written in Ottoman Turkish on compulsory education in chronological order. Relevant sources are as follows: (1) Memorandum (layiha) of the Council of Public Works (1839) This memorandum addressed to the Grand Vizier proposed that all subjects should send their children to school or face official reprimand. Because this was merely a memorandum published in the official gazette, it is best to consider this document as an early step toward the implementation of a compulsory education system. (2) Instructions (talimat) Regarding Primary Education (1847) This document stipulated that all subjects were obligated to send their children, including slave children, to attend school. However, this document did not provide for free education or require communities to establish local schools. In addition, it must be emphasized that this was not a law, but instructions. (3) Supplement to the Instructions (1864) In this supplement, the previous Instructions were referred to as law. Perhaps these Instructions were eventually regarded as law; the 1864 Supplement then reflects the continued validity of the Instructions. (4) Regulation (nizamname) Regarding Improvement of Elementary Schools (1868) Four years later, this regulation provided for free education, although it did not refer to community responsibility to establish local schools. This regulation was partially included in the official gazette. (5) Regulation on Public Education (1869) The following year, a complete and systematic regulation of education was promulgated, providing for free compulsory education, including the establishment of local schools. In conclusion, compulsory education in the Ottoman Empire was wholly constituted by the Regulation of Public Education in 1869. This accomplishment set the stage for the inclusion of articles providing for compulsory education in the 1876 Constitution.
- 2008-10-01